Lansium parasiticum

"Duku" redirects here. For the malware, see Duqu.
Lansium parasiticum
Lanzones in the Philippines
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
(unranked): Angiosperms
(unranked): Eudicots
(unranked): Rosids
Order: Sapindales
Family: Meliaceae
Genus: Lansium
Species: L. parasiticum
Binomial name
Lansium parasiticum
(Osbeck) Sahni & Bennet
Synonyms[1]

Lansium parasiticum, also known as langsat (/ˈlɑːŋsɑːt/) or lanzones, is a species of tree in the Mahogany family. The plant, which originates from western Southeast Asia, bears edible fruit. It is the provincial flower for the Indonesian province of South Sumatra.

Description

The tree is average sized, reaching 30 metres (98 ft) in height and 75 centimetres (30 in) in diameter. Seedling trees 30 years old planted at 8 x 8 meter spacing can have a height of 10 meters and diameter of 25 cm. The trunk grows in an irregular manner, with its buttress roots showing above ground. The tree's bark is a greyish colour, with light and dark spots. Its resin is thick and milk coloured.[2]

The pinnately compound leaves are odd numbered, with thin hair, and 6 to 9 buds at intervals. The buds are long and elliptical, approximately 9 to 21 centimetres (3.5 to 8.3 in) by 5 to 10 centimetres (2.0 to 3.9 in) in size. The upper edge shines, and the leaves themselves have pointed bases and tips. The stems of the buds measure 5 to 12 millimetres (0.20 to 0.47 in).[2]

The flowers are located in inflorescences that grow and hang from large branches or the trunk; the bunches may number up to 5 in one place. They are often branched at their base, measure 10 to 30 centimetres (3.9 to 11.8 in) in size, and have short fur.[3] The flowers are small, with short stems, and have two genders. The sheathe is shaped like a five lobed cup and is coloured a greenish-yellow. The corona is egg-shaped and hard, measuring 2 to 3 millimetres (0.079 to 0.118 in) by 4 to 5 millimetres (0.16 to 0.20 in). There is one stamen, measuring 2 millimetres (0.079 in) in length. The top of the stamen is round. The pistil is short and thick.[2]

The fruit can be elliptical, ovoid or round, measuring 2 to 7 centimetres (0.79 to 2.76 in) by 1.5 to 5 centimetres (0.59 to 1.97 in) in size. Fruits look much like small potatoes and are borne in clusters similar to grapes. The larger fruits are on the variety known as duku. It is covered by thin, yellow hair giving a slightly fuzzy aspect. The skin thickness varies with the varieties, from 2 millimetres (0.079 in) to approximately 6 millimetres (0.24 in). The fruit contains 1 to 3 seeds, flat, and bitter tasting; the seeds are covered with a thick, clear-white aril that tastes sweet and sour.[2] The taste has been likened to a combination of grape and grapefruit and is considered excellent by most. The sweet juicy flesh contains sucrose, fructose, and glucose.[4] For consumption, cultivars with small or undeveloped seeds and thick aril are preferred.

Vernacular names

The tree and its fruit are known under a variety of common names:[5][6][7]

Cultivars

L. parasiticum sold in a bunch in a roadside stall in West Kutai

There are numerous cultivars of L. parasiticum. Overall, there are two main groups of cultivars, those named duku and those named langsat. There are also mixed duku-langsat varieties.[2]

Those called duku generally have a large crown, thick with bright green leaves, with short bunches of few fruit. The individual fruit are large, generally round, and have somewhat thick skin that does not release sap when cooked. The seeds are small, with thick flesh, a sweet scent, and a sweet or sour alin.[2][7]

Meanwhile, the variant commonly known as langsat generally has thinner trees, with a less dense crown consisting of dark green leaves and stiff branches. The bunches are longer, and each bunch holds between 15 and 25 large, egg-shaped fruit. The skin is thin and releases a white sap when cooked. The flesh is watery and tastes sweet and sour.[2][7] Unlike duku, langsat fruit does not last long after being picked. Three days after being picked, the skin blackens; this does not affect the fruit's taste.

L. parasiticum cultivation in Mandi Angin, Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas.

L. domesticum var. aquaeum is distinguished by its hairy leaves, as well as the tightly packed dark yellow fruit on its bunches. The fruit tends to be small, with thin skin and little sap; the skin is difficult to remove. To be eaten, the fruit is bitten and the flesh sucked through the hole created,[2] or rubbed until the skin breaks and the seeds are retrieved. In Indonesia the fruit has several names, including kokosan, pisitan, pijetan, and bijitan.[7] The seeds are relatively large, with thin, sour flesh.

Reproduction

The seeds of L. parasiticum are polyembryonic, the multiple embryos resulting from apomixis.[8] The apomictic embryos are formed from the parent's tissue and have the same genetic make up. The seeds are also recalcitrant, with quick deterioration in fertility after seven days.

L. parasiticum is traditionally reproduced by spreading seedlings, either cultivated or collected from below the tree.[9] It has been said that new seedlings require 20 to 25 years to bear fruit, with the possibility of the quality being inferior.[9][10] However other sources quote 12 years to first production from seed and no variations. Production often varies from year to year, and depends to some extent on having a dry period to induce flowering. One example of ten trees in Costa Rica about twenty-five years old produced during five years the following weights of salable fruits: 2008: 50 kilos, 2009: 2000 kilos, 2010: 1000 kilos, 2011: 100 kilos, 2012: 1500 kilos. Experiments in the Philippines with grafting where two trees are planted close to each other and then grafted when one to two meters tall to leave twin root systems on a single main trunk have resulted in earlier and less erratic fruit production.

Another common method is by air layering. Although the process requires up to several months,[10] the new rooted tree produced is itself ready to bear fruit within two years. Trees cultivated with this method have a high death rate,[2] and the growths are less resilient.[11]

The third common way to reproduce L. parasiticum is with grafting. This results in the new trees having the same genetic characteristics as their parent, and being ready to bear fruit within 5 to 6 years. The offspring are relatively stronger than transplanted shoots.[9]

Ecology

A L. parasiticum agroforest in Mandi Angin, Rawas Ilir, Musi Rawas.

L. parasiticum grows well in mixed agroforests. The plant, especially the duku variant, prefers damp, shaded areas. It can be grown in the same agroforest as durian, petai, and jengkol, as well as wood-producing trees.[2][11]

L. parasiticum is grown from low grounds up to heights of 600 metres (2,000 ft) above sea level, in areas with an average rainfall of 1,500 to 2,500 millimetres (59 to 98 in) a year. The plant can grow and blossom in latosol, yellow podzol, and alluvium.[11] The plant prefers slightly acidic soil with good drainage and rich in mulch. The langsat variant is hardier, and can weather dry seasons with a little shade and water.[2] The plant cannot handle floods.[5]

L. parasiticum generally bears fruit once a year. This period can vary between areas, but blooming is generally after the beginning of the rainy season and fruit production some four months later.

Distribution

Lansium parasiticum was originally native to Southeast Asia. It grows wild in Sumatra forests where a wide and longest river in Indonesia lay across the southern part of Sumatra. The river rises and floods the forest lands for a few months, when it subsides, the flood leaves plenty of fallen leaves and twigs enriching and moistening a large area of the forest bed, resulting in ideal conditions for the plant to grow naturally. Local people will come and harvest it as natural forest produce. They climb up the tree with ripe fruits (after observing it), holding with their hands on the smaller branches and shaking it. Mature fruits will fall easily down to the ground. They will then collect it and transport it on a small boat on a nearby river to the villages and sell it. In a good year a 20-year-old tree can produce 100 kg of fruits, however fruiting is often uneven.

Agriculturally, the tree is grown throughout the entire Southeast asian region, ranging from Southern India to the Philippines for its fruit. In the Philippines, where it is locally referred to as the lanzones or langsa, the plant is grown mostly on the southern parts of the island of Luzon, especially in Paete, Laguna, due to the species' narrow range of conditions favorable to its survival. It is also found in abundance on Northern Mindanao particularly in places as Butuan, Cagayan de Oro, and Camiguin. The Camiguin variety is especially sweet and succulent.

In Indonesia, Langsat is very popular fruit in West Kalimantan (Pontianak, Indonesia), Sulawesi and South Sumatra (also called 'Duku'). In Sarawak, northern Borneo, the name Duku is reserved for the larger-sized varieties of Langsat, near the size of golf balls, claimed sweeter and with less sap in the peel. A variety called Dokong exported to mainland Malaysia from Thailand (this variety is called 'Longkong' Thai: ลองกอง in Thailand) grows tighter in the clusters, giving it a faceted shape, and is preferred by many over the standard Langsat.

Within mainland Asia, the tree is cultivated in Thailand (Thai: ลางสาด, langsat), Cambodia, Vietnam, India, and Malaysia. Outside the region, it has also been successfully transplanted and introduced to Hawaii and Surinam. It grows well in the wetter areas (120 inches/3 meters or more annual rainfall) of Costa Rica, where it is still very rare, having been introduced decades ago by the United Fruit Company. A major hindrance to its acceptance seems to be that it is very slow in bearing, said to take 12 years or more from seed. However, air layering from mature trees, as well as grafting, are said to work well and produce much faster.[5]

Uses

Peeled L. parasiticum, showing the clear-white aril around the seed.

L. parasiticum is cultivated mainly for its fruit, which can be eaten raw. The fruit can also be bottled in syrup.[2] The wood is hard, thick, heavy, and resilient, allowing it to be used in the construction of rural houses.[7]

Some parts of the plant are used in making traditional medicine. The bitter seeds can be pounded and mixed with water to make a deworming and ulcer medication. The bark is used to treat dysentery and malaria; the powdered bark can also be used to treat scorpion stings. The fruit's skin is used to treat diarrhea, and in the Philippines the dried skin is burned as a mosquito repellent.[2][7] The skin, especially of the langsat variety, can be dried and burned as incense.[7]

The greatest producers of Lansium parasiticum are Malaysia, Thailand, the Philippines and Indonesia. The production is mostly for internal consumption, although some is exported to Singapore and Hong Kong.

See also

References

  1. ↑ "The Plant List: A Working List of All Plant Species". Retrieved May 16, 2014.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Verheij, E.W.M.; Coronel, R.E., eds. (1997). Sumber Daya Nabati Asia Tenggara 2: Buah-buahan yang dapat dimakan [Botanical Resources of South-East Asia 2: Edible Fruits] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: PROSEA – Gramedia. pp. 232–237. OCLC 426214596.
  3. ↑ Jan van Steenis, Cornelis Gijsbert Gerrit (1987). Flora, untuk sekolah di Indonesia [Flora, For Indonesian Schools] (in Indonesian). Jakarta: PT Pradnya Paramita. p. 255. ISBN 978-979-408-114-3.
  4. ↑ Morton, Julia F. (1987). Fruits of warm climates. Miami, FL.: Florida Flair Books. pp. 201–203. ISBN 0-9610184-1-0.
  5. 1 2 3 Morton, Julia F. (1987). Fruits of warm climates. Miami, FL.: Florida Flair Books. pp. 201–203. ISBN 978-0-9610184-1-2.
  6. ↑ "Lansium domesticum". ICRAF AgroforestryTree Database. World Agroforestry Centre. Archived from the original on 6 November 2011. Retrieved 6 November 2011..
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Heyne, K. (1987). Tumbuhan Berguna Indonesia [Useful Indonesian Plants] (in Indonesian). 2. Jakarta: Yayasan Sarana Wana Jaya. pp. 1126–1128. OCLC 21826488.
  8. ↑ Kiew, R.; Teo, L.L.; Gan, Y.Y. (2003). "Assessment of the hybrid status of some Malesian plants using Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism". Telopea. 10: 225–233.
  9. 1 2 3 Suparwoto. "Teknik Perbanyakan Duku Dengan Sambung Pucuk (Lansium domesticum Corr.)" [Duku Reproduction with Grafting (Lansium domesticum Corr.)] (in Indonesian). Retrieved 6 November 2011.
  10. 1 2 Polo, D.C. (1926). "Propagation of the lanzon by marcotage and by cuttings". The Philippine Agriculturists. 14 (9): 613–623.
  11. 1 2 3 "Duku Condet". Iptek.net (in Indonesian). Sentra Informasi IPTEK. Archived from the original on 30 October 2009. Retrieved 6 November 2011.
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