Korean postpositions
| Korean grammar |
|---|
Korean postpositions are suffixes or short words in Korean grammar that immediately follow a noun or pronoun. This article uses the Revised romanization to show pronunciation. The hangul versions in the official orthographic form are given underneath.
| Preceding syntactic element | Example sentence | Translation |
|---|---|---|
| (n-)eun 은/는 |
Used as a topic particle or a subject particle. Eun 은 is used following a consonant, Neun 는 is used following a vowel. | |
| Nouns (topic) | Naneun haksaengida. 나는 학생이다. | I am a student. |
| Nouns (topic) | Igeoseun yeonpirida. 이것은 연필이다. | This is a pencil. |
| Nouns (genericized nominative) | Chitaneun ppareuda. 치타는 빠르다. | Cheetahs are fast. |
| Nouns (topic) | Jeoneun jjajangmyeon juseyo. 저는 짜장면 주세요. | I'd like a jajangmyeon. |
| i/ga 이/가 |
Used as an identifier particle or a subject particle. I 이 is used following a consonant, Ga 가 is used following a vowel. | |
| Nouns (agent) | Naega masyeotda. 내가 마셨다. | I drank. |
| Nouns (identifier) | Jeogeosi Han-gang-iya. 저것이 한강이야. | That is the Han River. |
| Nouns (specific nominative) | Chitaga neurida. 치타가 느리다. | This cheetah is slow. |
| do 도 |
Used as an additive particle. When dealing with additive qualities/descriptions of the same subject, ttohan 또한 is used. | |
| Nouns | Geunyeodo gongbuhanda. 그녀도 공부한다. | She studies too. |
| Nouns (additive) | Jeongnameun guninieotda. Geuneun ttohan jeongchigayeotda. 정남은 군인이었다. 그는 또한 정치가였다. | Jeong-nam was a soldier. He was also a politician. |
| (r-)eul 을/를 |
Used as an object particle. Eul 을 is used following a consonant, Reul 를 is used following a vowel, | |
| Nouns (objective) | Naneun Ramyeoneul meogeotda. 나는 라면을 먹었다. | I ate ramen. |
| ege/hante 에게/한테 |
Used as a dative particle. Ege 에게 is the literary form, and Hante 한테 is the colloquial form. | |
| Noun | Neohuiege hal mari itda. 너희에게 할 말이 있다. | I have something to tell you. |
| kke 께 |
Kke 께 is the honorific dative marker. | |
| Noun | Goyongjukke seonmureul deuryeotda. 고용주께 선물을 드렸다. | I gave a gift to my employer. |
| (eu)ro 으로/로 |
Used to mark the instrumental case, which can also denote destination or role. Euro 으로 is used following a consonant other than 'ㄹ', which is abbreviated to Ro 로 following a vowel or a consonant 'ㄹ'. | |
| Noun (means) | KTX-ro Seoureseo Busankkaji se sigan geollinda. KTX로 서울에서 부산까지 3시간 걸린다. | It takes 3 hours to go from Seoul to Busan via KTX. |
| Noun (destination) | Naeil Hojuro tteonamnida. 내일 호주로 떠납니다. | I am leaving for Australia tomorrow. |
| Noun (role) | Unjeonsaro chwijikhaeyo. 운전사로 취직해요. | I'm going to be working as a driver. |
| e 에 |
Used for any words relating to time or place. | |
| Time (noun) | Maikeureun parweore watda. 마이클은 8월에 왔다. | Michael came in August. |
| Location (noun) | Jedongeun ilbone gatda. 제동은 일본에 갔다. | Jedong went to Japan. |
| eseo 에서 |
Translates to: "from" when used with a motion verb. May also be used as "at", "in" when used with an action verb which is not motion related. | |
| Noun (from) | Junggugeseo wasseo. 중국에서 왔어. | I came from China. |
| Noun (in) | Bang-eseo gongbu-reul haet-da. 방에서 공부를 했다. | I studied in my room. |
| man 만 |
Translates to: "only", used after a noun. | |
| Noun | Ojik jeimseu-man hangugeo-reul gongbu-haet-da. 오직 제임스만 한국어를 공부했다. | Only James studied Korean. |
| ui 의 |
Functions as: possession indicator, noun link, topic marker. | |
| Noun: possession | Migugui daetongryeong 미국의 대통령 | President of the United States |
| (g)wa 과/와 |
Translates to: "and" (conjunction); "with" or "as with" (preposition). Gwa 과 is used following a consonant, Wa 와 is used following a vowel. | |
| Nouns: conjunction | Neowa na 너와 나 | You and I |
References
- Martin SE (2006). Reference Grammar of Korean: A Complete Guide to the Grammar and History of the Korean Language. Tuttle Publishing.
- Vincent M, Yeon J (2010). Complete Korean. McGraw-Hill Professional.
- Ihm Ho Bin, Hong Kyung Pyo, and Chang Suk In. Korean Grammar for International Learners. Yonsei University Press
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