Kelmendi (tribe)

Catholic church in Nikç, municipality of Kelmend

Kelmendi (Albanian: Kelmendi) is a historical tribe and region (Kelmendi mountains, Malet e Kelmendit) in the mountainous borderlands of Albania towards Montenegro, of the wider Malësia-region. Part of the region lies within the Kelmend municipality, and is composed of a Roman Catholic majority and Muslim minority. The Kelmendi speak a subdialect of Gheg Albanian as the other northern Albanian tribes.

Families hailing from Kelmendi can also be found in Plav, Montenegro and Rugova, Kosovo^[a], where they are Muslim. The name is derived from Saint Clement, the patron saint of the region.

History

Early history

The Kelmendi are first mentioned in an Ottoman defter (tax registry) of 1497, along with the tribes of Hoti, Kuči and Piperi.^[1] They are recorded as having 152 households divided by five small shepherding communities.^[1] Robert Elsie thus assumes that they were known as a tribe from the last decades of the 15th century.^[1] The defter mentions them as derbendci, mountain-pass keepers, and having tax privileges.^[1] The derbendci guarded the Shkodër–Altun-li and Medun–Kuči roads.^[1] The defter bears witness to the fact that the tribes of Klimenti, Hoti and Kuči were flooded with pure Serb katuns or families, among whom were Miholjani, Pobrežani, Brežani, Ljubicite, Pavlovići, Petrovići, Lješovići, and others.^[2]

As early as 1538, the Kelmendi rose up against the Ottomans.^[3] In 1565, the Kelmendi, Kuči and Piperi rose up against the Ottomans.^[4] In the mid-1580s, the Kelmendi seemed to have stopped paying taxes to the Ottomans.^[4]

17th century

Venetian documents from 1609 mention the Kelmendi, Dukagjini, and others having a conflict with the Sultan for 4 years.^[5] In April the same year the Dukagjini and others attacked not only the Ottomans, but other northern Albanian tribes who did not support them.^[5] The local Ottomans were unable to counter them and were thus forced to ask the Bosnian Pasha for help.^[5]

Old man of Shoshi by Edith Durham prior to 1909

Marino Bizzi (1570-1624), the Archbishop of Bar, mentions them in 1610 as "almost all are Catholics, speaking Albanian and Dalmatian [Serbian]" (popoli quasi tutti latini, e di lingua Albanese e Dalmata).^[6] Bizzi reported an incident in 1613 in which an Ottoman commander, Arslan Pasha, raided the villages of the Kelmendi and started taking prisoners, until an agreement was reached with the Kelmendi clans. According to the agreement, the Kelmendi would surrender fifteen of their members as slaves, and pay a tribute of 1,000 ducats to the Ottomans. However, as Arslan Pasha waited for the payment of the tribute, the Kelmendi ambushed part of his troops and killed about thirty cavalrymen. After this incident the Ottoman troops retreated to Herceg Novi (Castelnuovo).^[7] Mariano Bolizza recorded the "Climenti" in his 1614 report as being a Roman rite village, describing them as "an untiring, valorous and extremely rapacious people", with 178 houses, and 650 men in arms commanded by Smail Prentashev and Peda Suka.^[8] In 1614, they, along with the tribes of Kuči, Piperi and Bjelopavlići, sent a letter to the kings of Spain and France claiming they were independent from Ottoman rule and did not pay tribute to the empire.^[9][10] Clashes with the Ottomans continued through the 1630 and culminate in 1637-38 where the tribe would repel an army of 12,000 (according to some sources 30,000) commanded by Vutsi Pasha of the Bosnia Eyalet. Ottoman casualties vary from 4,000 to 6,000, based on different sources. The legend of Nora of Kelmendi would come to life during this epic struggles.^[11]

In the Cretan War the Kelmendi played a tactical role between the Ottomans and the Venetians. In 1664, Evliya Celebi mentioned Kelmendi Albanians among the "infidel warriors" he saw manning Venetian ships in the harbour of Split. The Kelmendi promised support to whichever side would fulfil their requests. in 1666, for instance some of the Kelmendi supported the Ottomans on condition that they be exempted from paying tribute for five years. Some of them also converted to Islam.^[12]

In 1651, they aided the army of Ali-paša Čengić, which attacked Kotor; the army raided and destroyed many monasteries in the region.^[13] In 1658, the seven tribes of Kuči, Vasojevići, Bratonožići, Piperi, Klimenti, Hoti and Gruda allied themselves with the Republic of Venice, establishing the so-called "Seven-fold barjak" or "alaj-barjak", against the Ottomans.^[14]

In 1685, Süleyman, sanjak-bey of Scutari, annihilated the bands of Bajo Pivljanin that supported Venice at the Battle on Vrtijeljka.^[15] Süleyman was said to have been aided by the Brđani (including the Klimenti^[13]), who were in feud with the Montenegrin tribes.^[16] The Klimenti lived off of plundering. Plav, Gusinje, and the Orthodox population in those regions suffered the most from the Klimenti's attacks.^[16] The Klimenti also raided the Peć area, and they were so powerful there that some villages and small towns paid them tribute.^[16] In March 1688, Süleyman attacked the Kuči tribe;^[17] the Kuči, with help from Klimenti and Piperi, destroyed the army of Süleyman twice, took over Medun and got their hands of large quantities of weapons and equipment.^[14] In 1692, Süleyman defeated the Montenegrins at Cetinje, once again with the help of the Brđani.^[16]

In 1689 the Kelmendi volunteered in the Imperial Army of the Holy Roman Empire during the Kosovo campaign. Initially they were serving Süleyman, but after negotiations with a Venetian official, they abandoned the Ottoman ranks.^[18] In October 1689, Arsenije III Čarnojević allied himself with the Habsburgs, gaining the title of Duke. He met up with Silvio Piccolomini in November, and put under his wings a large army of Serbs, including some Klimenti.^[6]

18th century

In 1700, the pasha of Peć, Hudaverdi Mahmut Begolli, resolved to take action against the continuing Kelmendi depredations in western Kosovo. With the help of other mountain tribes, he managed to block the Kelmendi in their homelands, the gorge of the upper Cem river, from three sides and advanced on them with his own army from Gusinje, In 1702, having worn them down by starvation, he forced the majority of them to move to the Pešter plateau. Only the people of Selcë were allowed to stay in their homes. Their chief had converted to Islam, and promised to convert his people to. A toltal of 251 Kelmendi households (1,987 people) were resettled in the Pešter area on that occasion. Other were resettled in Gjilan Kosovo. However five years later the exiled Kelmendi managed to fight their way back to their homeland, and in 1711 they sent out a large raiding force to bring back some other from Pešter too. ^[19]

In the 18th century, Hoti and Kelmendi assisted the Kuči and Vasojevići in the battles against the Ottomans; after that unsuccessful war, a part of the Klimenti fled their lands.^[20] After the defeat in 1737, under Archbishop Arsenije IV Jovanović Šakabenta, a significant number of Serbs and Kelmendis retreated into the north, Habsburg territory.^[21] Around 1,600 of them settled in the villages of Nikinci and Hrtkovci, where they later adopted a Croat identity.^[22]

Late modern period

Albanian bajraks (1918).

On May 26, 1913, 130 leaders of Gruda, Hoti, Kelmendi, Kastrati and Shkreli sent a petition to Cecil Burney in Shkodër against the incorporation of their territories into Montenegro.^[23] Franz Baron Nopcsa, in 1920, puts the Klimenti as the first of the Albanian clans, as the most frequently mentioned of all.^[24]

Contemporary history

By the end of the Second World War, the Albanian Communists sent its army to northern Albania to destroy their rivals, the nationalist forces. The communist forces met open resistance in Nikaj-Mertur, Dukagjin and Kelmend, which were anti-communist. Kelmend was headed by Prek Cali. On January 15, 1945, a battle between the Albanian 1st Brigade and nationalist forces was fought at the Tamara Bridge. Communist forces lost 52 soldiers, while in their retaliation about 150 people in Kelmend people were brutally killed.^[25] Their leader Prek Cali was executed.

This event was the starting point of other dramas, which took place during Enver Hoxha's dictatorship. Class struggle was strictly applied, human freedom and human rights were denied, Kelmend was isolated both by the border and by lack of roads for other 20 years, agricultural cooperative brought about economic backwardness, life became a physical blowing action etc. Many Kelmendi people fled, some others froze by bullets and ice when trying to pass the border.^[26]

Anthropology

Origin

There are various theories on the origin of the Kelmendi. Several anthropologists and historians have recorded various founding myths.

• Karl Gottlieb von Windisch (1725-1793) is the oldest scholar from the early modern period who had studied the Kelmendi's tribe history and origin. Windisch classified Kelmendi tribe as Albanian. One of the oldest tribesmen leader was Clementi (a contemporary of Gjergj Kastrioti Skanderbeg) who led his compatriots Albanians in the battles with Ottomans in 1465.^[27]
• Johann Georg von Hahn (1811–1869), one of the founders of Albanology, placed the settlement of Kelmendi's first patriarch in Bestana, southern Kelmend. The foundations of the settlements, where the Kelmendi are found in modern times, have been attributed to his seven sons.^[28]
• Augustin Theiner (1804–1874), the German historian, said that the Clementini hailed from a Clemente, whose father was a Serb from Moraccia (Morača), and mother was from Cucci (Kuči).^[29]
• According to French consul Hyacinte Hecquard (1814–1866), Kelment or Kelmend, the founder, was a fleeing priest that had settled the area from Triepshi.^[30]
• Yugoslav anthropologist Andrija Jovičević recorded several stories about their origin. One story has it that the founder settled from Lajqit e Hotit, in Hoti, and to Hoti from Fundane, the village of Lopare in Kuči; he was upset with the Hoti and Kuči, and therefore left those tribes. When he lived in Lopare, he married a girl from Triepshi, who followed him. His name was Amati, and his wife's name was Bumče. According to others, his name was Klmen, from where the tribe received its name. Another story, which Jovičević had heard in Selce, was that the founder was from Piperi, a poor man that had worked as a servant for a wealthy Kuči, there he sinned with a girl from a noble family, and left via the Cijevna.^[31] Milan Šufflay (1879-1931) noted that among some Kelmendi, Nikola "Sharp-minded" Kolmendija (Nikola Oštroumni Kolmendija) was noted as the founding father.^[32] Serbian historians have assumed that the tribe was of Serb origin,^{[33][34][35][36][37]} originally adhering to the Orthodox Church, converting to Catholicism, and subsequently Albanianized.^[38]

Folklore

Logu i Bjeshkeve Beauty Festival taking place every August in Qafa Bordolecit

During Easter processions in Selcë and Vukël the kore, a child-eating demon, was burnt symbolically.^[39] In Christmas time alms were placed upon ancestors' graves. As in other northern Albanian clans the Kanun (customary law) that is applied in Kelmend is that of The Mountains (Albanian: Kanuni i Maleve). According to Franz Baron Nopcsa's researches the Kelmendi were the most numerous and notable of the northern Albanian clans.^[40]

Anthroponymy

The region consists of six primary villages: Boga, Nikç, Selcë, Tamarë, Vermosh and Vukël, all part of the Kelmend Municipality. Their clan neighbours are the Kuči and Hoti, to the west, and the Vasojevići to the north. The following lists are of families in the Kelmend region by village of origin (they may live in more than one village):

Montenegro

Plav-Gusinje

• Ahmetaj (Ahmetović), in Vusanje. They descend from a certain Ahmet Nikaj, son of Nika Nrrelaj and grandson of Nrrel Balaj, and are originally from Vukël in northern Albania.
• Bacaj (Bacović)
• Balaj (Balić), in Grnčar. Immigrated to Plav-Gusinje in 1698 from the village of Vukël (or Selcë?) in northern Albania and converted to Islam the same year. The clan's closest relatives are the Balidemajt/Balidemići. Legend has it that the Balaj, Balidemaj and Vukel clans descended from three brothers. However, a member of the Vukel clan married a member of the Balić clan, later resulting in severed relations with the Vukel clan.
• Balidemaj (Bal(j)idemaj/Balidemić), in Martinovići. This branch of the clan remained Catholic for three generations, until Martin's great-grandson converted to Islam, taking the name Omer. Since then, the family was known as Omeraj/Omerović. Until recently was the family's name changed to Balidemaj, named after Bali Dema, an army commander in the Battle of Novšiće (1789). The clan's closest relatives are the Balajt/Balići. Legend has it that the Balaj, Balidemaj and Vukel clans descended from three brothers.
• Bruçaj (Bručaj/Bručević), they are descendants of a Catholic Albanian named Bruç Nrrelaj, son of Nrrel Balaj, and are originally from Vukël in northern Albania.

Krajina / Kraje / Shestan

• Dabović - from the villages of Gureza, Livari and Gornji Šestani. Can be found in Shkodër. Their relatives are the Lukić clan in Krajina. Can be found in Shkodër.
• Džaferović / Xhaferaj - from the village of Bes/a. Can be found in Shkodër, Tivar & Ulqin. ( Brahim Rama )
• Lukić - Related to the Dabović clan in Krajina.
• Oxhaj (Serbian truncation: Odžaj/Odžić) - from the village of Donji Murići.
• Orlandić - from the village of Seoca in Crmnica, and from the area of Lower Krajina. They can also be found in Berislavci (near Zeta).
• Perovići - originally from the village of Selcë in northern Albania.
• Radovići - from the village of Zagonje.

• Cakaj (Cakić)
• Canaj (Canović), in the villages of Bogajići, Višnjevo and Đurička Rijeka. Immigrated to Plav-Gusinje in 1698 from the village of Vukël in northern Albania and converted to Islam the same year.
• Çelaj (Čeljaj/Čelić), in the villages of Vusanje and Vojno Selo. Claims descendance from Nrrel Balaj. The Nikça/Nikča family are part of the Çelaj.
• Daka, Some Tribesmen of this clan from the kelmendi tribe Immigrated to zhanica a village of plav although some remained in Albania, they are part of the gjelaj brotherhood of the kelmendi tribe just like some of the Hasani clan of kelmendi thus relating them to the Gjelaj clan of Kelmendi ( not the gjelaj brotherhood of hoti) and are originally from vukël (or selcë?) in northern Albania they claim descendance from Ujkan Daka and his brothers they also are related in a way with the Martini clan of kelmend since Ujkan Daka and his brothers descended from a certain Nika Martini they also could be related to the Hasani clan of kelmendi as they also claim some descendance from Nika Martini and they had a certain Mirash Hasani whom was from the gjelaj brotherhood of the kelmendi tribe they also could be related to the gjonbalaj clan of the kelmendi tribe, there are also people with this surname in Malesia e madhe and shkoder
• Dedushaj (Dedušaj/Dedušević), in Vusanje. They are descendants of a Catholic Albanian named Ded (Dedush) Balaj, son of Nrrel Balaj, and are originally from Vukel in northern Albania.
• Hakaj (Hakanjin), in Hakanje.
• Hasilović, in Bogajiće.
• Goçaj (Gočević), in Vusanje.
• Gjonbalaj (Đonbaljaj/Đonbalić; also Đombal(j)aj/Đombalić), in Vusanje, with relatives in Vojno Selo. Their ancestor, a Catholic Albanian named Gjon Balaj, immigrated with his sons: Bala, Aslan, Tuça and Hasan; along with his brother, Nrrel, and his children: Nika, Ded (Dedush), Stanisha, Bruç and Vuk from the village of Vukël in northern Albania to the village of Vusanje/Vuthaj in the late-17th century. Upon arriving, Gjon and his descendants settled in the village Vusanje/Vuthaj and converted to Islam and were known as the Gjonbalaj. Relatives include Ahmetajt/Ahmetovići, Bruçajt/Bručevići, Çelajt/Čelići, Goçaj/Gočević, Lekajt/Lekovići, Selimajt/Selimovići, Qosajt/Ćosovići, Ulajt/Uljevići, Vuçetajt/Vučetovići.
• Kukaj (Kukić), in Vusanje
• Lecaj (Ljecaj), in Martinovići. They are originally from Vukël in northern Albania.
• Lekaj (Leković), in Gornja Ržanica and Vojno Selo. They are originally from Vukël in northern Albania. They are descendants of a certain Lekë Pretashi Nikaj.
• Martini (Martinović), in Martinovići. The eponymous founder, a Catholic Albanian named Martin, immigrated to the village of Trepča in the late 17th century from Selcë.
  • Hasangjekaj (Hasanđekaj/Hasanđekić), in Martinovići. They descend from a Hasan Gjekaj from Vukël, a Muslim of the Martini clan.
  • Prelvukaj (Preljvukaj/Preljvukić), in Martinovići. They descend from a Prelë Vuka from Vukël, of the Martini clan.
• Musaj (Musić), Immigrated to Plav-Gusinje in 1698 from village Vukël in northern Albania and converted to Islam the same year.
• Novaj (Novović)
• Pepaj (Pepić), in Pepići
• Rekaj (Reković), in Bogajići, immigrated to Plav-Gusinje circa 1858.
• Rugova (Rugovac), in Višnjevo with relatives in Vojno Selo and Babino Polje. They descend from a Kelmend clan of Rugova in Kosovo.
• Qosaj/Qosja (Ćosaj/Ćosović), in Vusanje. They are descendants of a certain Qosa Stanishaj, son of Stanisha Nrrelaj and are originally from Vukël in northern Albania.
• Selimaj (Selimović),
• Smajić, in Novšići.
• Ulaj (Uljaj/Uljević), in Vusanje. They are originally from Vukël in northern Albania. They are descendants of a certain Ulë Nikaj, son of Nika Nrrelaj. Possibly moved to the Koja e kucit area.
• Vukel (Vukelj), in Dolja. They immigrated to Gusinje in 1675 from the village of Vukël in northern Albania. A certain bey from the Šabanagić clan gave the clan the village of Doli.
• Vuçetaj (Vučetaj/Vučetović), in Vusanje. They are originally from Vukël in northern Albania. They are descendants of a certain Vuçetë Nikaj, son of Nika Nrrelaj.

The families of Đomboljaj (alb. Gjonbalaj/Gjombalaj), Uljaj (alb. Ulaj), Ahmetaj and Vučetaj (alb. Vuçetaj) had previously the surnames of Đombolić, Uljević, Ahmetović and Vučetović.^[41]

Notable people

• Prek Cali (fl. 1911-1930), Vërmosh-born guerilla fighter, that fought in the Battle of Deçiq against the Ottoman Empire, and later against the Kingdom of Serbia and the communist forces under Enver Hoxha. Hoxha had him lured and killed him on Palm Sunday.
• Nora of Kelmendi, a notable female guerilla fighter that assassinated the Bosnian Pasha of Shkodër, Vutsi Pasha, in 1620. The figure is half historical and half legendary. Nora is one of the heroines that has largely contributed to the legacy of the Albanian highlanders.^[42]
• Ibrahim Rugova Former president of Kosovo.^[43]
• Ali Kelmendi, Kachak in Rugovo (fl. 1919)^[44]
• Bajram Kelmendi, founder of the Council for Human Rights and Freedoms
• Elseid Hysaj, Albanian national football player
• Jeton Kelmendi, poet, writer, and member of the European Academy of Science, Art and Literature.
• Esin Hakaj, Albanian footballer
• Majlinda Kelmendi, Kosovar Albanian judoka
• Pope Clement XI, Roman Catholic Pope (1700-1721)
• Erjon Vucaj, Albanian footballer
• Saša Balić, Montenegrin footballer
• Bekim Balaj, Albanian footballer
• Adrian Aliaj, Albanian footballer
• Aziz Kelmendi, Yugoslav soldier who shot dead four people and wounded five in the Paraćin massacre (1987)^[45]

See also

• Albanian Alps
• Culture of Albania

Notes

References

Sources

• Bešić, Zarija M. (1975). Istorija Črne Gore: Od poěetka XVI do kraja XVIII vijeka. pts. Red. za istoriju Črne Gore. 
• Elsie, Robert (2015). The Tribes of Albania: History, Society and Culture. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-78453-401-1. 
• Grothusen, Klaus-Detlev (1984). Jugoslawien: Integrationsprobleme in Geschichte und Gegenwart : Beitr̈age des Südosteuropa-Arbeitskreises der Deutschen Forschungsgemeinschaft zum V. Internationalen Südosteuropa-Kongress der Association internationale d'études du Sud-Est européen, Belgrad, 11.-17. September 1984. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-27315-9. 
• Jovićević, Andrija (1923). Malesija. Rodoljub. 
• Pearson, Owen (2004). Albania in the twentieth century: a history. I.B.Tauris. ISBN 978-1-84511-013-0. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kelmend.

• Discover Kelmend & Shkrel
• Kelmend Municipal Unit
• Documentary on Logu Bjeshkeve Beauty Contest Tradition (Albanian)