Kammanadu
Kammanadu (or Kamma-nadu, also Kamma-rashtra) is a region in the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh. The region is spread over the mandals of Bapatla, Narasaraopet and Vinukonda mandals in Guntur district and also covers Ongole and Chirala in Prakasam district.[1][2] The more specific borders of the region lies between Gundlakamma and Perakamma rivers or can also be described as the region lying between Konidena to Kammametu.[3][4]
The people that emigrated from Kammanadu were referred to as belonging to a kammakula (kamma family). Prominent among them were the general Vennaya-bhatta of the Chalukya emperor Vikramaditya V (r. 1008–1015), and generals Sarvadeva and Chamundaraya of Vikramaditya VI (r. 1076–1126).[5] Terms such as kamma-brahmana, kamma-komati, kamma-sreshti and kamma-kapu are also attested in inscriptions as descriptions of people. The famous poet Pampa (902–941), the author of Pampa Bharata in Kannada, was referred to as a kamma-brahmana.[6][7][8] The modern Kamma community is believed to be derived from the kamma-kapus, i.e., Kapus of Kammanadu.[9]
Inscriptions
Various historic inscriptions referring to the region have been found. A reference to Karmarashtram appears in the inscriptions of the Ikshvaku king Madhariputra Purushadatta (3rd century A.D) found at Bethavolu (Jaggayyapeta).[10] Later ones include the inscription of the Pallava king Kumara Vishnu II, son of Buddha Varma found in the village of Chendaluru, and one of the Eastern Chalukya king Mangi Yuvaraja (627-696 AD) written in Sanskrit.
In the inscriptions ascribed to period from the 3rd to the 11th century AD, the words Kammarashtram, Kammaratham, Kammakaratham, Karmarashtram, Karmakaratham, Karmakarashtram and Kammakarashtram were used interchangeably. The subsequent inscriptions of Telugu Chodas and Kakatiyas mentioned Kammanadu; for example, the Konidena inscription of Tribhuvana Malla from 1146.
List of inscriptions
- Epigraphica Indica, Vol VIII, pp. 233–236 (Chandaluru copper plate inscription of Kumara Vishnu)
- Epigraphica Indica, Vol XV, pp. 249–252 (Ongole copper plate inscription of Pallava king Vijaya Skandavarma)
- Epigraphica Indica, Vol XXIV, pp. 137–143 (Chura inscription of Vishnugopa)
- Epigraphica Indica, Vol XVIII, p. 250 (Kopparapu copper plate inscription of Pulakesi II, 7th century CE)
- Epigraphica Indica, Vol XVIII, p. 27 (Aluru inscription of Chalukya king Vikramaditya V, 1011 CE).
- South Indian Inscriptions, Volume 6, Inscriptions 124, 128, 129, 132, 139, 147, and 179.
References
- ↑ Talbot, Cynthia (2001-09-20). Precolonial India in Practice: Society, Region, and Identity in Medieval Andhra. Oxford University Press. p. 278. ISBN 978-0-19-803123-9.
- ↑ "Kammanadu" (PDF). Census of India 2011. pp. 9–11. Retrieved 3 July 2016.
- ↑ Vemuri, V. Rao; Rao, Vemuri (2003-10-01). Telugu English Dictionary. Asian Educational Services. p. 99. ISBN 9788120616370.
- ↑ Chenchiah; Bhujanga (1988-01-01). A History of Telugu Literature. Asian Educational Services. p. 15. ISBN 9788120603134.
- ↑ Sri Venkateswara University Oriental Journal, Sri Venkatesvara University, Oriental Research Institute, 1993, pp. 153–154
- ↑ Pramila, Kasturi (1 January 2002), Economic and social conditions of Āndhra Deśa, A.D. 1000 to 1323 A.D., Bharatiay Kala Prakashan, p. 189
- ↑ Sarma, M Somasekhara; Sōmaśēkharaśarma, Mallampalli (1948), History of the Reddi Kingdoms (circa. 1325 A.D. to Circa 1448 A.D.), Andhra University, p. 278
- ↑ Nāgabhūṣaṇaśarma, Modali; Sastry, Mudigonda Veerabhadra; Śēṣagirirāvu, Cīmakurti (1995), History and culture of the Andhras, Telugu University, p. 80
- ↑ Sastry, P. V. Parabrahma (1996), Rural Studies in Early Andhra, V.R. Publication, p. 59
- ↑ Burgess, J. 1886, Buddhist Stupas of Amaravathi and Jaggayyapeta, Madras Presidency, Archaeological Survey of India, p. 110.