KALIBAPI

Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (KALIBAPI)
ᜃᜎᜒᜊᜉᜒ
Leader Directors-General:
Benigno S. Aquino (1942-1943)
Camilo Osías (1943-1945)
Secretary-General Pio Duran
Founder Philippine Executive Commission
Founded December 8, 1942 (1942-12-08)
Dissolved 1945 (1945)
Headquarters Manila, Second Philippine Republic
Ideology Filipino nationalism
Fascism[1][2][3][4]
Pro-Japan[5]
Political position Far-right[6]
Party flag

The Kapisanan ng Paglilingkod sa Bagong Pilipinas (lit. Association for Service to the New Philippines),[5][7][8] or KALIBAPI (Baybayin:ᜃᜎᜒᜊᜉᜒ), was a Filipino political party that served as the sole party of state during the Japanese occupation. It was intended to be a Filipino version of Japan's governing Taisei Yokusankai party.[9]

History

Formed by the Philippine Executive Commission (Komisyong Tagapagpaganap ng Pilipinas) under the leadership of Jorge Vargas, the party was created by Proclamation No. 109 of the PEC, a piece of legislation passed on December 8, 1942 banning all existing political parties and creating the new governing alliance.[10] The Japanese had already dissolved all political parties on the islands, including even the pro-Japanese Ganap Party, and established KALIBAPI as a mass movement designed to support the occupation whilst taking advantage of nationalism in the region.[11] Established in December 1942, the party was headed by its Director-General Benigno S. Aquino with Pio Duran as Secretary-General and effective second in command and Ganap leader Benigno Ramos as a member of the executive committee.[12] The three toured the Philippines, setting up local party organisations and promoting the "new order in East Asia" at mass meetings.[13]

For the Japanese, KALIBAPI served as a labour recruitment service in its initial stages before taking on an expanded role in mid 1943. It was left to KALIBAPI to write the new constitution and establish the new National Assembly, resulting in Aquino's appointment as Speaker (as his replacement as Director-General by Camilo Osías).[13] All 54 members of the Assembly were KALIBAPI members, although 33 of them had held elected office before the invasion as well.[14] KALIBAPI soon claimed a membership that ran into the hundreds of thousands.[2] The islands were declared officially independent as the Second Philippine Republic on 14 October 1943 under the Presidency of José P. Laurel and his KALIBAPI government.[15] This had been accomplished through the Preparatory Committee for Philippine Independence, which KALIBAPI had established in mid-1943 under Japanese direction.[16]

Taking a highly nationalistic standpoint, KALIBAPI was active in initiatives to promote the Tagalog language as a central feature of Filipino identity. To this end a pared-down, 1000 word version of the language was promoted to be learned rapidly by those not yet versed in the language.[17] The general nationalism of Laurel's government strained relations with Japan, particularly as Laurel had refused to declare war on the United States and United Kingdom.[15] As such the Japanese instructed Ramos to form a new group, Makapili, in November 1944 to give more tangible military support to the Japanese.[18]

KALIBAPI disappeared after the Japanese surrender with some of its leaders arrested for collaboration and treason. No former KALIBAPI candidates ran for office in the 1946 general election, and some of those not arrested went into hiding in Philippines, exile in Japan, or were executed by vengeful Filipinos or the Communist-aligned Hukbalahap Party members.

Literature

References

  1. ↑ Peter de Mendelssohn, Japan's Political Welfare, Taylor & Francis US, 2010, p. 121
  2. 1 2 David Bernstein, The Philippine Story, READ BOOKS, 2007, p. 163
  3. ↑ Felixberto G. Bustos, And Now Comes Roxas: The Story of the First President of the Republic of the Philippines and the Occupation, C. Z. Bustos, 1945, p. 187
  4. ↑ Augusto V. de Viana, Kulaboretor!: The Issue of Political Collaboration During World War II, University of Santo Tomas Publishing House, 2003, p. 46
  5. 1 2 Guillermo, Artemio R. (2012), "KALIBAPI", Historical Dictionary of the Philippines (Third ed.), Scarecrow Press, p. 223
  6. ↑ Sven Matthiessen, Japanese Pan-Asianism and the Philippines from the Late Nineteenth Century to the End of World War II: Going to the Philippines Is Like Coming Home?, p. 134
  7. ↑ Jose (2001), KALIBAPI
  8. ↑ Pomeroy (1992), The Philippines, p. 113
  9. ↑ Setsuho Ikehata, Lydia N. Yu-Jose, Philippines-Japan Relations, Ateneo de Manila University Press, 2003, p. 196
  10. ↑ Alphonso J. Aluit, By Sword and Fire: The Destruction of Manila in World War II, 3 February-3 March 1945, Bookmark Inc., 1994
  11. ↑ Pomeroy (1992), The Philippines, pp. 113–114
  12. ↑ Pomeroy (1992), The Philippines, pp. 117–118
  13. 1 2 Pomeroy (1992), The Philippines, p. 118
  14. ↑ Pomeroy (1992), The Philippines, p. 119
  15. 1 2 Ralph Bernard Smith, Chad J. Mitcham, Changing Visions of East Asia, 1943-93: Transformations and Continuities, Taylor & Francis, 2007, p. 22
  16. ↑ Milton Walter Meyer, Asia: A Concise History, Rowman & Littlefield, 1997, p. 305
  17. ↑ Robert B. Kaplan, Richard B. Baldauf, Language and Language-in-Education Planning in the Pacific Basin, Springer, 2003, p. 72
  18. ↑ Ray C. Hunt, Bernard Norling, Behind Japanese Lines: An American Guerrilla in the Philippines, University Press of Kentucky, 2000, p. 142
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