Ju Song

An orange-tree (Citrus reticulata)

Ju Song (simplified Chinese: 橘颂; traditional Chinese: 橘頌; pinyin: Jú sòng; literally: "In praise of an orange") is a Classical Chinese poem which has been preserved in the Nine Pieces (Jiu Zhang) section of the ancient Chinese poetry anthology, the Chu ci, or The Songs of Chu. The poem has been translated into English by David Hawkes as "In Praise of the Orange-Tree". In the poem, the orange-tree is used as a metaphor for certain human qualities, such as "steadfastness".^[1] Hawkes explains this by the tradition that this type of orange tree is supposed to grow naturally only in the part of China of which the ancient land of Chu was included in (as opposed to the northern plain). The particular orange-tree (ju) mentioned is what David Hawkes calls "citrus nobilis"; but, this type of orange (or, its hybrids) is now usually botanically referred to as Citrus reticulata, or else by the common name of "mandarin orange".

Symbolism

The word ju, meaning "orange (fruit or tree)" is phonetically reminiscent of the word zhù (祝), which means "to wish or pray for", as in the phrase zhù fú (祝福), "to wish or pray for good luck", thus the orange is symbolically a "harbinger of good luck".^[2] Also in ancient times the emperor gave oranges to his officials,^[3] and was thus like an orange tree, by being a source of orange fruits.

Meter

"Ju Song" is written throughout in what David Hawkes calls "7-plus" meter; that is, each line has 7 regular syllables, augmented by a refrain word repeated in each line. In this case, the final syllable of each line is the exclamatory particle 兮 (xī).

Context

"Ju Song" is one of the nine poems of the Jiu Zhang (Nine Pieces) section of the Chu Ci, but is quite different from the other poems in this section; so that, as David Hawkes puts it "it is hard to see how it came to be included in the same collection".^[4]

Poem

The poem appears to praise a prince or other young man, according to David Hawkes (178), by an extended comparison between the young man and an orange tree. David Hawkes describes the poem as being "charming". The author is unknown, although as usual with the Chu ci pieces, Qu Yuan has been given attribution, although in this case, this is not to likely given the evidence of the advanced metrical style (Hawkes, 178). The final line of the poem makes an allusion to "Bo Yi", referring to the pair of brothers whose loyalty to the previous Shang dynasty that they preferred to starve to death than to symbolically submit to the succeeding Zhou dynasty by eating the produce of the land.

Notes

↑ Hawkes, 178
↑ Eberhard, 219
↑ Eberhard, 219
↑ Hawkes, 153

References

Hawkes, David, translation, introduction, and notes (2011 [1985]). Qu Yuan et al., The Songs of the South: An Ancient Chinese Anthology of Poems by Qu Yuan and Other Poets. London: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-044375-2
Eberhard, Wolfram (2003 [1986 (German version 1983)]), A Dictionary of Chinese Symbols: Hidden Symbols in Chinese Life and Thought. London, New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-00228-1

Chinese Wikisource has original text related to this article:

Jiu Zhang

Chinese poetry

Major eras	Classical Chinese poetry Modern Chinese poetry

Poetry by dynasty	Han poetry Jian'an poetry Six Dynasties poetry Tang poetry Song poetry Yuan poetry Ming poetry Qing poetry

Poetry works and collections	Classic of Poetry Chu Ci New Songs from the Jade Terrace Nineteen Old Poems Quan Tangshi Three Hundred Tang Poems Wangchuan ji Wen Xuan Zhuying ji

Major forms	ci fu shi qu yuefu

Individual poems list	Chinese poems (category list) List of poems (article)

Modern compilations	Sunflower Splendor: Three Thousand Years of Chinese Poetry The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Literature

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