Joseph Thomas Walker

Joseph Thomas Walker

Joseph Thomas Walker

Walker in the late 1940s
Born (1908-01-26)January 26, 1908
Saint Louis, Missouri
Died April 29, 1952(1952-04-29) (aged 44)
Hodgkin’s disease
Fields Forensic science
Institutions Massachusetts State Police Chemical Laboratory
Chemical Laboratories of the Department of Public Safety
Education BA in chemistry (University of Illinois)
Doctorate in chemistry (Harvard University)
Known for Contributions to forensic science

Joseph Thomas Walker (January 26, 1908 – April 29, 1952) was a pioneer in forensic science. He earned a doctorate in chemistry from Harvard University in 1933. In 1934, he created the Massachusetts State Police Chemical Laboratory - the first statewide crime detection lab in the country. Later the Chemical Laboratories of the Department of Public Safety, he ran it until his death. During that time, Walker developed many of the scientific techniques essential in modern crime detection. His eulogy in the Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology states "Throughout the world his methods are used, his name is known, and all men benefit."[1] Lawyer-turned-mystery-writer Erle Stanley Gardner dedicated the foreword to one of his books to Walker[2] and commented, upon hearing of his death, that Walker was "the greatest real life detective" he had known.[3]

Early life and education

Born in Saint Louis, Missouri, Walker attended Kirkwood High School before earning a BA in chemistry from the University of Illinois in 1930. That year, he also took a few graduate courses.[4] Soon, however, as the Great Depression worsened, he went back to school. In 1932, he enrolled in a doctoral program in chemistry at Harvard University and graduated in less than a year.[5] Meanwhile, during his undergraduate years at Illinois, he had met and fallen in love with fellow Illini, Lola Jeanette Muns. Since the DuPont Fellowship which supported him at Harvard forbade recipients from marrying during their studies, the two were hastily wed in 1932. Their life together – which produced two children (Janet in 1935 and Thomas in 1940) - lasted until his death in 1952.[6]

Career

When Walker began his career in 1934, scientific crime detection was still in its infancy. Though Charles Norris and Alexander Gettler had been doing forensic science for New York City for over a decade,they had often faced roadblocks erected by various corrupt city governments.[7] Walker, on the other hand, the first person to create a state crime lab, would work in a very supportive environment. Though originally housed in a small room in the Massachusetts State House, his lab was quickly moved to spacious accommodations and equipment and supplies were forthcoming as needed. In addition, he earned rapport with the Massachusetts State Police and the all-important authority to secure crime scenes - a relatively new concept - by taking basic police training in 1936. Walker also gained an academic platform when crime detection enthusiast/philanthropist Frances Glessner Lee[8] gave Harvard a large endowment to fund a Department of Legal Medicine where, from 1939 onward, he taught toxicology. In addition, Ms. Lee proselytized about the virtues of the type of work he was doing by holding multi-day seminars on the subject around the country. Just before his death she would tell Walker that "No other lecturer has helped individuals and the whole training program as you have."[9]

Walker pursued his work with determination. On one occasion, he had a coffer dam built in a river downstream from a bridge from which a bagful of human bones had been dropped. This move paid off when, after the water had been drained, a bullet with striations linking it to the suspect’s weapon was found.[10] And there was the internationally publicized "Case of the Merry Widow"[11] in 1936 concerning the murder and dismemberment of socialite Grayce Asquith. Solving this one involved identification of basic blood type and the first ever use of a toe print (in blood under a tub) in a criminal trial. Fairly straight forward, but others were not. In 1945, prominent lawyer John Noxon was convicted of electrocuting an infant son born with Down Syndrome. Though Noxon claimed that the death had been an accident, Walker proved the father’s guilt by revealing that there were microscopic quantities of copper from an electrical cord on both the infant’s body and a metal tray.[12]

Walker wrote journal articles to promote his ideas and techniques. In 1937 he published "Chemistry and Legal Medicine" in the New England Journal of Medicine.[13] In it, he argued that all states should have crime labs and listed ways that chemistry could be used in crime detection. Towards the end of the article, he recommended the use of a new technique he had developed for use in shooting cases. Whereas, previously, powder burns had been detectable only in cases where the person had been shot at close range, his test would reveal the "entire powder pattern from shots fired at a much greater distance … by locating each individual grain of powder in the exact position in which it lies upon the cloth."[14]

He also authored or co-authored a series of journal articles describing his new techniques. Among these, were: "The Spectrograph as an Aid in Criminal Investigation,"[15] "The Quantitative Estimation of Barbiturates in Blood by Ultraviolet Spectrometry,"[16] "Paper Chromatography in Criminal Investigation,"[17] "A New Test for Seminal Stains,"[18] "Visualizing of Writing on Charred Paper,"[19] "Bullet Holes and Chemical Residues In Shooting Cases,"[20] and "Paper Chromatography for Identification of Common Barbiturates"[21]

Final years

Walker would die of Hodgkin’s disease in April 1952 – ironically probably the result of breathing benzene fumes in his own laboratory. Though terribly ill, he kept to a full schedule of work for most of his last two years. For Instance, in 1950, he travelled to Maine first to teach twenty-five State policemen about the uses of science in crime detection and then to testify at the retrial of a deputy sheriff convicted of murder in 1938. There Walker – identified in the Maine Attorney General’s official report of the trial as “generally considered as the outstanding police chemist in New England” – gave chemical forensic evidence which was instrumental in the ultimate finding that the deputy had been “fraudulently convicted".[22]

References

  1. ↑ Richard Ford, "Joseph T. Walker, Ph.D. 1908-1952," Journal of Criminal Law and Criminology, Vol. 43, Issue 4, Article 11 (1953)
  2. ↑ Erle Stanley Gardner, "Foreword" The Case of the Fiery Fingers (New York, William Morrow & Co, 1951) pp v-vii.
  3. ↑ "Dr. Joseph T. Walker: Medico-Legal Chemist for the State Police Was 44," Daily Boston Globe, April 30, 1952, p. 23.
  4. ↑ Joseph Thomas Walker's Transcript, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, 1930.]
  5. ↑ Joseph Thomas Walker, Dissertation “Synthesis in Allene Series” 1933 (From the Harvard University Archives, Call Number HU 90.2598)
  6. ↑ “Dr. Joseph T. Walker, Medico-Legal Chemist for State Police Was 44,” Daily Boston Globe, April 30, 1952, p. 23.
  7. ↑ Deborah Blum, The Poisoner’s Handbook: Murder and the Birth of Forensic Medicine in the Jazz Age (New York, Penguin Press, 2010)
  8. ↑ Corrine May Botz, Nutshell Studies of Unexplained Death (New York, Monachelli Press, 2004).
  9. ↑ Letter from Frances Glessner Lee on behalf of the Harvard Associates in Police Science to Joseph. T. Walker, July 24, 1951.
  10. ↑ Information provide by his son Thomas W. Walker and verified by his daughter, Janet Walker McCabe, April 4, 2015
  11. ↑ Massachusetts vs Oscar Bartolini, 299 Mass. 503, February 7, 1938- February 28, 1938, Norfolk County.
  12. ↑ Massachusetts vs John F. Noxon, 319 Mass. 495, October 23, 24, 1945-May 10th 1946, Berkshire County.
  13. ↑ Joseph T. Walker, "Chemistry and Legal Medicine," The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 216, Issue 23, pp. 1024-1027.
  14. ↑ Joseph T. Walker, "Chemistry and Legal Medicine," The New England Journal of Medicine, Vol. 216, Issue 23, pp. 1026-1027.
  15. ↑ Joseph T. Walker, “The Spectrograph as an Aid in Criminal Investigation,” Proceedings of the Sixth Summer Conference on Spectroscopy and Its Application, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1939, pp. 1-5.
  16. ↑ Joseph T. Walker (with R.S. Fisher and C.W. Plummer), “Quantitative Estimation of Barbiturates in Blood by Ultra-violet Spectrophotometry,” The American Journal of Clinical Pathology, Volume 18, Issue 6, pp 462-9.
  17. ↑ In Ford op. cit.
  18. ↑ "A New Test for seminal Stains," New England Journal of Medicine, 242: 110 (Jan. 19, 1950.)
  19. ↑ [With Parker A. Glass] "Visualizing of Writing on Charred Paper" Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology (Vol. 42, Issue 1, May–June, 1951), Pp. 112, 113.
  20. ↑ "Bullet Holes and chemical Residues in Shooting Cases," American Journal of Police Science (Vol. XXXI, No. 4, November–December 1940), pp. 497-521.
  21. ↑ [With Elvera J Aljeri, B.S.] "Paper Chromatography for Identification of Common Barbiturates," The American Journal of Clinical Pathology (Vol. 22, No. 1, January, 1952), pp. 37-40.
  22. ↑ Department of the [Maine] Attorney General, "Legislative Report Prepared in Accordance with the Directive of the Ninety-Fifth Legislature, Littlefield Homicides," 1952, especially pp. 13,40.
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