Joint Direct Attack Munition

Joint Direct Attack Munition
(JDAM)

GBU-31: A Mk 84 bomb fitted with JDAM kit
Type Fixed target, precision strike, moving vehicle
Place of origin United States of America
Service history
In service 1997–present
Used by See operators
Production history
Unit cost Approx. US$25,000 (Depends on acquisition lot. Foreign sales have considerably higher prices.)
Variants See variants
Specifications
Length 9.9–12.75 feet (3.02–3.89 m)
Maximum firing range Up to 15 nautical miles (28 km)
Wingspan 19.6 to 25 inches (500 to 640 mm)
Accuracy Specified 13 meters; Realized around 7 meters

The Joint Direct Attack Munition (JDAM) is a guidance kit that converts unguided bombs, or "dumb bombs", into all-weather "smart" munitions. JDAM-equipped bombs are guided by an integrated inertial guidance system coupled to a Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver, giving them a published range of up to 15 nautical miles (28 km). JDAM-equipped bombs range from 500 pounds (227 kg) to 2,000 pounds (907 kg).[1] When installed on a bomb, the JDAM kit is given a GBU (Guided Bomb Unit) nomenclature, superseding the Mark 80 or BLU (Bomb, Live Unit) nomenclature of the bomb to which it is attached.

The JDAM is not a stand-alone weapon; rather it is a "bolt-on" guidance package that converts unguided gravity bombs into Precision-Guided Munitions, or PGMs. The key components of the system consist of a tail section with aerodynamic control surfaces, a (body) strake kit, and a combined inertial guidance system and GPS guidance control unit.

The JDAM was meant to improve upon laser-guided bomb and imaging infrared technology, which can be hindered by bad ground and weather conditions. Laser seekers are now being fitted to some JDAMs.[2]

From 1998 to August 20, 2013, Boeing delivered 250,000 JDAM kits, producing over 40 guidance kits per day.[3]

History

Development

U.S. Navy sailors attach a JDAM kit aboard the USS Constellation (CV-64), in March 2003.

The U.S. Air Force's bombing campaign during the Persian Gulf War's Operation Desert Storm was less effective than initially reported, due in part to the lack of a precision guidance package for its bombs that would function regardless of environmental factors. Laser guidance packages on bombs proved exceptionally accurate in clear conditions, but with significant amounts of airborne dust, smoke, fog, or cloud cover, the guidance packages had difficulty maintaining "lock" on the laser designation. Research, development, testing and evaluation (RDT&E) of an "adverse weather precision guided munition" began in 1992. Several proposals were considered, including a radical concept that used GPS. At the time, there were few GPS satellites and the idea of using satellite navigation for real-time weapon guidance was untested and controversial. To identify the technical risk associated with an INS/GPS guided weapon, the Air Force created in early 1992 a rapid-response High Gear program called the “JDAM Operational Concept Demonstration” (OCD) at Eglin Air Force Base. Honeywell, Interstate Electronics Corporation, Sverdrup Technology, and McDonnell Douglas were hired to help the USAF 46th Test Wing demonstrate the feasibility of a GPS weapon within one year. The OCD program fitted a GBU-15 guided bomb with an INS/GPS guidance kit and on 10 February 1993, dropped the first INS/GPS weapon from an F-16 on a target 88,000 feet (27 km) downrange. Five more tests were run in various weather conditions, altitudes, and ranges.[4] The OCD program demonstrated an 11-meter Circular Error Probable (CEP).

OCD First Flight Test of the first GPS-guided weapon, a direct hit on target at Eglin Air Force Base, on 10 February 1993.
ex-Schenectady (LST-1185) target lists after being struck by four 2,000 lb JDAMs on 23 Nov. 2004, the first time a B-52 dropped self-designated, laser guided weapons on a moving ship.

The first JDAM kits were delivered in 1997, with operational testing conducted in 1998 and 1999. During testing, over 450 JDAMs were dropped achieving a system reliability in excess of 95% with a published accuracy under 10 metres (33 ft) CEP.[5] In addition to controlled parameter drops, the testing and evaluation of the JDAM also included "operationally representative tests" consisting of drops through clouds, rain and snow with no decrease in accuracy from clear-weather tests. In addition, there have been tests involving multiple weapon drops with each weapon being individually targeted.[6]

JDAM and the B-2 Spirit stealth bomber made their combat debuts during Operation Allied Force. The B-2s, flying 30-hour, nonstop, round-trip flights from Whiteman Air Force Base, Missouri, delivered more than 650 JDAMs during Allied Force. An article published in a military acquisition journal in 2002 cites that "during Operation Allied Force ... B-2s launched 651 JDAMs with 96% reliability and hit 87% of intended targets..."[7] Due to the operational success of the original JDAM, the program expanded to the 500 pounds (227 kg) Mark 82 and 1,000 pounds (454 kg) Mark 83, beginning development in late 1999. As a result of lessons learned during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom, both the US Navy and US Air Force pursued enhancements to the kits such as improved GPS accuracy as well as a precision seeker for terminal guidance for use against moving targets.

JDAM bombs are inexpensive compared to alternatives such as cruise missiles. The original cost estimate was $40,000 each for the tail kits; however, after competitive bidding, contracts were signed with McDonnell Douglas (later Boeing) for delivery at $18,000 each. Unit costs, in current-year dollars, have since increased to $21,000 in 2004 and $27,000 by 2011.[8] For comparison, the newest Tomahawk cruise missile, dubbed the Tactical Tomahawk, costs nearly $730,000.[9][10] The JDAM's guidance system was jointly developed by the United States Air Force and United States Navy, hence the "joint" in JDAM.[11]

Operational use

JDAMs loaded under the left wing of a F-16 Fighting Falcon with a LITENING II Targeting Pod visible beneath the fuselage

Guidance is facilitated through a tail control system and a GPS-aided inertial navigation system (INS). The navigation system is initialized by transfer alignment from the aircraft that provides position and velocity vectors from the aircraft systems. Once released from the aircraft, the JDAM autonomously navigates to the designated target coordinates. Target coordinates can be loaded into the aircraft before takeoff, manually altered by the aircrew in flight prior to weapon release, or entered by a datalink from onboard targeting equipment, such as the LITENING II or "Sniper" targeting pods. In its most accurate mode, the JDAM system will provide a minimum weapon accuracy CEP of five meters or less when a GPS signal is available. If the GPS signal is jammed or lost, the JDAM can still achieve a 30-meter CEP or less for free flight times up to 100 seconds.[11]

The introduction of GPS guidance to weapons brought several improvements to air-to-ground warfare. The first is a real all-weather capability since GPS is not affected by rain, clouds, fog, smoke, or man-made obscurants. Previous precision guided weapons relied on seekers using infrared, visual light, or a reflected laser spot to “see” the ground target. These seekers were not effective when the target was obscured by fog and low altitude clouds and rain (as encountered in Kosovo), or by dust and smoke (as encountered in Desert Storm).

The second advantage is an expanded launch acceptance region (LAR). The LAR defines the region that the aircraft must be within to launch the weapon and hit the target. Non-GPS based precision guided weapons using seekers to guide to the target have significant restrictions on the launch envelope due to the seeker field of view. Some of these systems (such as the Paveway I, II, and III) must be launched so that the target remains in the seeker field of view throughout the weapon trajectory (or for lock-on-after-launch engagements, the weapon must be launched so that the target is in the field of view during the terminal flight). This requires the aircraft to fly generally straight at the target when launching the weapon. This restriction is eased in some other systems (such as the GBU-15 and the AGM-130) through the ability of a Weapon System Operator (WSO) in the aircraft to manually steer the weapon to the target. Using a WSO requires a data link between the weapon and the controlling aircraft and requires the controlling aircraft to remain in the area (and possibly vulnerable to defensive fire) as long as the weapon is under manual control. Since GPS-based flight control systems know the weapon's current location and the target location, these weapons can autonomously adjust the trajectory to hit the target. This allows the launch aircraft to release the weapon at very large off-axis angles including releasing weapons to attack targets behind the aircraft.

JDAMs prior to being loaded for operations over Iraq, 2003

The third advantage is a true “fire-and-forget” capability in which the weapon does not require any support after being launched. This allows the launching aircraft to leave the target area and proceed to its next mission immediately after launching the GPS guided weapon.

Another important capability provided by GPS-based guidance is the ability to completely tailor a flight trajectory to meet criteria other than simply hitting a target. Weapon trajectories can be controlled so that a target can be impacted at precise headings and vertical angles. This provides the ability to impact perpendicular to a target surface and minimize the angle of attack (maximizing penetration), detonate the warhead at the optimum angle to maximize the warhead effectiveness, or have the weapon fly into the target area from a different heading than the launch aircraft (decreasing the risk of detection of the aircraft). GPS also provides an accurate time source common to all systems; this allows multiple weapons to loiter and impact targets at preplanned times and intervals.

In recognition of these advantages, most weapons including the Paveway, GBU-15, and the AGM-130 have been upgraded with a GPS capability. This enhancement combines the flexibility of GPS with the superior accuracy of seeker guidance.

GBU-38 explosions in Iraq in 2008.

Despite their precision, JDAM employment has risks. On 5 December 2001, a JDAM dropped by a B-52 in Afghanistan nearly killed Hamid Karzai, while he was leading anti-Taliban forces near Sayd Alim Kalay alongside a US Army Special Forces (SF) team. A large force of Taliban soldiers had engaged the combined force of Karzai's men and their American SF counterparts, nearly overwhelming them. The SF commander requested Close Air Support (CAS) to strike the Taliban positions in an effort to stop their advance. A JDAM was subsequently dropped, but instead of striking the Taliban positions, it struck the Afghan/American position, killing three and injuring 20. An investigation of the incident determined that the U.S. Air Force Tactical Control Party (TACP) attached to the Special Forces team had changed the battery in the GPS receiver at some point during the battle, thereby causing the device to return to "default" and "display its own coordinates." Not realizing that this had occurred, the TACP relayed his own coordinates to the delivery aircraft.[12][13]

Upgrades

DSU-33 Airburst sensor (right)

Experience during Operation Enduring Freedom and Operation Iraqi Freedom led US air power planners to seek additional capabilities in one package, resulting in ongoing program upgrades to place a precision terminal guidance seeker in the JDAM kit.[14] The Laser JDAM (LJDAM), as this upgrade is known, adds a laser seeker to the nose of a JDAM-equipped bomb, giving the ability to engage moving targets to the JDAM. The Laser Seeker is a cooperative development between Boeing's Defense, Space and Security unit and Israel's Elbit Systems.[15] It is called Precision Laser Guidance Set (PLGS) by Boeing and consists of the Laser Seeker itself, now known as DSU-38/B, and a wire harness fixed under the bomb body to connect the DSU-38/B with the tail kit. During FY2004, Boeing and the U.S. Air Force began testing of the laser guidance capability for JDAM, with these tests demonstrating that the system is capable of targeting and destroying moving targets.[16] This dual guidance system retains the ability to operate on GPS/INS alone, if laser guidance is unavailable, with the same accuracy of the earlier JDAM.

GBU-54 laser seeker.

On June 11, 2007, Boeing announced that it had been awarded a $28 million contract by the U.S. Air Force to deliver 600 laser seekers (400 to the air force and 200 to the navy) by June 2009.[17] According to the Boeing Corporation, in tests at Nellis Air Force Base, Nevada, Air Force F-16 Fighting Falcons and F-15E Strike Eagles dropped twelve (12) 500 pounds (227 kg) LJDAMs that successfully struck high-speed moving targets. Using onboard targeting equipment, the launch aircraft self-designated, and self-guided their bombs to impact on the targets. In addition to the LJDAM kits, Boeing is also testing under a navy development contract, an anti-jamming system for the JDAM, with development expected to be completed during 2007, with deliveries to commence in 2008.[18] The system is known as the Integrated GPS Anti-Jam System (IGAS).

Boeing announced on September 15, 2008 that it had conducted demonstration flights with the LJDAM loaded aboard a B-52H.[19]

The GBU-54 LJDAM made its combat debut on August 12, 2008 in Iraq when a F-16 from the 77th Fighter Squadron engaged a moving vehicle in Diyala province.[20] Furthermore, the GBU-54 LJDAM made its combat debut in the Afghan theater by the 510th Fighter Squadron in October 2010.[21]

In September 2012, Boeing began full-rate production of Laser JDAM for US Navy and received a contract for more than 2,300 bomb kits.[22]

On July 24, 2008 Germany signed a contract with Boeing to become the first international customer of LJDAM. Deliveries for the German Air Force began in mid-2009. The order also includes the option for further kits in 2009.[23]

In November 2014, the U.S. Air Force began development of a version of the GBU-31 JDAM intended to track and attack sources of electronic warfare jamming directed to disrupt the munitions' guidance. The Home-on-Jam seeker works similar to the AGM-88 HARM to follow the source of a radio-frequency jammer to destroy it.[24]

JDAM Extended Range

In 2006, the Australian Defence Science and Technology Organization in conjunction with Boeing Australia successfully tested extended range JDAM variants at Woomera Test Range.[25]

In 2009, Boeing announced that it will jointly develop the Joint Direct Attack Munition Extended Range (JDAM-ER) with South Korea.[26] The guidance kit will triple the range of JDAM to 80 km for the same accuracy, and will cost $10,000 per unit.[27] The first prototypes are to be completed in 2010 or 2011.

The wing kits of Australia's JDAM-ER weapons will be built by Ferra Engineering. First tests are to be conducted in 2013 with production orders in 2015.[28]

Precision aerial minelaying

On 23 September 2014, the U.S. Air Force performed the first-ever drop of a precision guided aerial mine, consisting of a Quickstrike mine equipped with a JDAM kit. The Quickstrike is a Mark 80-series general purpose bomb with the fuse replaced with a target detection device (TDD) to detonate it when a ship passes within lethal range, a safe/arm device in the nose, and a parachute-retarder tailkit in the back. Dropping of naval mines has historically been challenging, as the delivery aircraft has to fly low and slow, 500 ft (150 m) at 320 knots (370 mph; 590 km/h), making it vulnerable to hostile fire; the first aerial mining mission of Operation Desert Storm resulted in the loss of an aircraft, and the U.S. has not flown any combat aerial minings since. The Quickstrike-J is a JDAM-equipped 1,000 lb or 2,000 lb version, and the GBU-62B(V-1)/B Quickstrike-ER is a 500 lb or 2,000 lb gliding version based on the JDAM-ER, which has a range of 40 nmi (46 mi; 74 km) when launched from 35,000 ft (11,000 m). Precision airdropping of naval mines is the first advance in aerial mine delivery techniques since World War II and can increase the survivability of delivery aircraft, since instead of making multiple slow passes at low altitude directly over the area an aircraft can release all of their mines in a single pass from a standoff distance and altitude, and increase the mines' effectiveness, since instead of laying a random pattern of mines in a loosely defined area they can be laid directly into harbor mouths, shipping channels, canals, rivers, and inland waterways, reducing the number of mines required and enhancing the possibility of blocking ship transit corridors. Enemy naval ports can also be blockaded, and a defensive minefield quickly planted to protect areas threatened by amphibious assault.[29][30]

Taiwan "JDAM" equivalent

Due to political, military and economic pressure from the communist People's Republic of China (PRC) the United States has refused to sell to Taiwan JDAMs and other offensive weapons. Ostensibly in an effort to avoid angering mainland China. In response to U.S. refusal, Taiwan has independently designed and built their own advanced state of the art Taiwanese offensive weapons such as the Hsiung Feng III hypersonic nuclear missile as well as their own indigenous versions of the JDAM which are currently being deployed in Taiwan with bombs carrying both conventional warheads and nuclear weapons warheads[31] in order to defend the island of Republic of China (Taiwan) from a military invasion by the People's Republic of China (PRC).[32]

Integration

JDAMs loaded onto a Heavy Stores Adaptor Beam (HSAB) under the wing of a B-52H Stratofortress
2,000lb GBU-31s ripple drop in Afghanistan by two F-15Es, 2009.

Current

JDAM is currently compatible with:

Past

JDAM was compatible with the following aircraft:

Operators

Map with JDAM operators in blue

Apart from being used by its main user—the United States military—the U.S. government has also approved the JDAM for export sale under the Arms Export Control Act, though in limited numbers to only a few countries.

Current operators

General characteristics

Variants

USAF artist rendering of JDAM kits fitted to Mk 84, BLU-109, Mk 83, and Mk 82 unguided bombs.

Similar systems

See also

References

  1. ↑ "JDAM continues to be warfighter's weapon of choice". Archived from the original on 2012-10-26. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  2. ↑ "Laser Guided JDAM Debuts in Iraq". Defense Update. Archived from the original on July 26, 2014. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  3. ↑ JDAM Weapon Program Reaches 250,000-Kit Milestone - Deagel.com, 20 August 2013
  4. ↑ INS/GPS Operational Concept Demonstration (OCD) High Gear Program, IEEE Aerospace and Electronic Systems Magazine, 8 August 1994.
  5. ↑ "JDAM: The Kosovo Experience and DPAS" (PDF). The Boeing Company, Charles H. Davis. 19 April 2000. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  6. ↑ "U.S. Air Force B-2 Bomber Drops 80 JDAMS in Historic Test" (Press release). The Boeing Company. 17 September 2003. Retrieved 2007-09-02.
  7. ↑ Myers, Dominique (2002). "Acquisition Reform-Inside The Silver Bullet" (PDF). Acquisition Review Journal. IX, no. 2 (Fall 2002): 312–322. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2007-09-26. Retrieved 2007-09-01.
  8. ↑ "Air Force Justification Book Procurement of Ammunition, Air Force" (PDF). Department of Defense Fiscal Year (FY) 2012 Budget Estimates. US Air Force. Retrieved 29 December 2011.
  9. ↑ "The JDAM Revolution" article by Peter Grier in Air Force Online, the journal of the Air Force Association, September, 2006.
  10. ↑ "BGM-109 Tomahawk: Variants". Retrieved 2007-07-27.(p 52)
  11. 1 2 3 "Joint Direct Attack Munition GBU- 31/32/38". USAF. June 18, 2003. Retrieved 1 April 2014.
  12. ↑ Mark Burgess (June 12, 2002). "Killing Your Own: The Problem of Friendly Fire During the Afghan Campaign". CDI. Archived from the original on March 17, 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  13. ↑ uni-bielefeld.de Why–because analysis (p. 9).
  14. ↑ "Dual Mode Guided Bomb". Deagel.com. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  15. ↑ U.S. Backs Israeli Munitions Upgrades, Defence News, May 3 2010.
  16. ↑ "Boeing Scores Direct Hit in Laser JDAM Moving Target Test". The Boeing Company. July 11, 2006. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  17. ↑ "Boeing Awarded Laser JDAM Contract" (Press release). The Boeing Company. June 11, 2007. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  18. ↑ "Boeing Completes JDAM Anti-Jamming Developmental Flight Test Program" (Press release). The Boeing Company. June 18, 2007. Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  19. ↑ Boeing Press Release, 15 September 2008.
  20. ↑ "Air Force employs first combat use of laser joint direct attack munition in Iraq". Media release. Joint Base Balad Public Affairs. 2008-08-27. Retrieved 27 March 2012.
  21. ↑ Nystrom, Tech. Sgt. Drew (2010-10-01). "Vultures make impact with first GBU-54 combat drop in Afghanistan". Media release. 455th Air Expeditionary Wing Public Affairs Office. Retrieved 2015-06-22.
  22. ↑ Boeing Begins Full-Rate Production of Laser JDAM for US Navy - Defense-Aerospace.com, September 25, 2012
  23. ↑ Germany becomes the first international customer of LDJAM, Boeing.com
  24. ↑ Air Force to enable smart weapons to track and kill sources of electronic warfare (EW) jamming - Militaryaerospace.com, 13 November 2014
  25. ↑ TESTS OF EXTENDED RANGE ‘SMART’ BOMBS - Australian Department of Defence, 12 September 2009
  26. ↑ Boeing Partners with Times Aerospace Korea to Develop Smart Bomb. Aerospace-Technology.com
  27. ↑ James M. Hasik (2008). Arms and Innovation: Entrepreneurship and Alliances in the Twenty-First Century Defense Industry. ISBN 978-0-226-31886-8.
  28. ↑ "Australia's Ferra Engineering to produce JDAM-ER wing kits."
  29. ↑ Col. Michael W. Pietrula, "New Wrinkles in Maritime Warfare", The Diplomat, 3 December 2015.
  30. ↑ Get Ready, China and Iran: American Naval Super Mines Are Coming - Nationalinterest.org, 19 October 2015
  31. ↑ http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/taiwanese-navy-accidentally-fires-nuclear-8730387
  32. ↑ http://www.scmp.com/news/china/article/1314708/taiwan-develops-smart-munitions-against-china
  33. ↑ "Bringing Back Counter-Insurgency: AT-6B vs. A-29B" Defence Talk, 10 September 2011. Retrieved: 15 January 2012.
  34. ↑ "boeing.com Boeing JDAM Wins Australian Competition". Archived from the original on 2007-04-11. Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  35. ↑ "CF-188 Hornets on Op MOBILE drop first JDAM bombs". Retrieved 2011-10-27.
  36. ↑ "FMS: Third Phase of Finnish F/A-18 MLU". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  37. ↑ DoD
  38. ↑ http://hellenicdefencenews.blogspot.com/search/label/JDAM
  39. ↑ "First International JDAM Sale: Boeing to Integrate Weapon on Israeli Aircraft". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  40. ↑ "global security.org". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  41. ↑ 航空ファン 2008-12 P118
  42. ↑ "SIPRI arms transfer database". Stockholm International Peace Research Institute. 2013-11-06.
  43. ↑
  44. ↑ "Dutch secretary of defense details plan for purchase of JDAM's". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  45. ↑ "Norway Signs Contract for Boeing JDAM". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  46. ↑ http://www.pafwallpapers.com/gallery_F-16-bk52/F-16-bk52_jdam.jpg
  47. ↑ http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/165819/philippines-using-us-smart-bombs
  48. ↑ "Gates says Washington to sell smart bombs to Saudi Arabia". Retrieved 2007-07-27.
  49. ↑ "armada.mde.es". Retrieved 2013-05-25.
  50. ↑ "Komutanlar Anadolu Kartali'nda (In Turkish)". Retrieved 2010-10-05.
  51. ↑ "Anadolu Kartali'na Yerli Bilim Katkisi (In Turkish)". Retrieved 2010-10-05.

Bibliography

External links

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