James Stewart Lockhart

Sir James Stewart Lockhart
Born	James Haldane Lockhart (1858-05-25)25 May 1858 Ardsheal, Argyllshire, Scotland
Died	26 February 1937(1937-02-26) (aged 78) London, England
Nationality	British
Alma mater	University of Edinburgh King William's College
Occupation	Civil administrator, Sinologist
Known for	Registrar and Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong, Commissioner of Weihaiwei

Sir James Haldane Stewart Lockhart,^{[lower-alpha 1]} KCMG (25 May 1858 – 26 February 1937), was a British colonial official in Hong Kong and China for more than 40 years. He also was a Sinologist who made pioneering translations. (His name's official Chinese translation is 駱克 (Cantonese: Lok Hak).)

Early life

Born as James Haldane Lockhart in Ardsheal, Argyllshire, Scotland, his parents were Anna Rebecca Charlotte Stewart and Miles Lockhart of Lismore, Argyll.^[3] His grandfather was banker James Lockhart. He attended King William's College (1868–72), George Watson's College, and the University of Edinburgh, and attempted to enter the civil service in India.^[4] Failing to do that, Lockhart took a Colonial Service cadetship in Hong Kong in 1878.^[5]

Colonial service in Hong Kong

After joining the Hong Kong Government in 1882, Lockhart rose through the ranks of Hong Kong's civil service. He was Registrar General and Colonial Secretary of Hong Kong, and later became Commissioner of Weihaiwei (1902^[6]–1927), the British coastal enclave returned to China in 1930. He had a more positive relationship with Hong Kong Chinese due to this knowledge of Cantonese and was friends with Ho Kai.^[7] Lockhart was made a member of the Hong Kong Legislative and Executive Councils.

He founded the Hong Kong Football Club in 1886, situated within the Happy Valley Racecourse. The club now plays host to the Hong Kong 10s rugby tournament.^[8]

Sinological service

While they were both training in Hong Kong, Lockhart became friends with Reginald Johnston, who made his reputation while serving in Weihaiwei. Both men devoted great energy to their studies of Chinese language and classical literature, and both published scholarly works. Johnston was also a great emotional support to Lockhart and his family. ^[9] Johnston later wrote that since Lockhart had a sound training in Greek and Latin at Edinburgh University, he took easily to the study of Chinese, another classical language. The China Review, a journal for scholarly work by China coast foreigners, published Lockhart's early work, which mainly concerned linguistic questions. Lockhart was fluent in Cantonese, Johnston reported, and acquired a working knowledge of Mandarin when he was posted to Weihaiwei.^[10]

Lockhart was particularly interested in collecting and studying Chinese coins, and he produced several publications on numismatics.^[11][12] He also made a thorough study of Chinese art and literature, and formed a large collection of paintings, ink rubbings and decorative arts, some of which was displayed in 1928.^[13] The collection was donated by his daughter, Betty Joel, to his alma mater, George Watson's College, and is currently on a long-term loan to the National Museum of Scotland. Lockhart's Chinese books were purchased by Cambridge University Library; his photographs are on loan to the Scottish National Portrait Gallery.

Later life

After retiring from the Colonial Service, Lockhart return to Britain. He became an honorary member of the Royal Asiatic Society and member of the School of Oriental Studies at the University of London.^[14]

Honours and legacy

His appointment of CMG was signed by Queen Victoria on 21 May 1898, while his appointment of KCMG was signed by King Edward VII on 9 November 1908.^[15] He received an honorary LLD degree from the University of Hong Kong in 1918.

Lockhart Road in Wan Chai, Hong Kong Island, is named after him.

Family

In 1889, he married Edith Louise Rider Hancock and had three children (son Charles Stewart Lockhart, daughter Mary Stewart Lockhart (better known by her married and professional name Betty Joel) and daughter Margaret Stewart Lockhart).^[16]

Lockhart returned with his family to England in 1927 and died in London in 1937.^[17]

Notes

Footnotes

Citations

Selected publications

• Lockhart, James H. Stewart (1893). A Manual of Chinese Quotations, Being a Translation of the Ch'êng Yü K'ao. Hong Kong: Kelly & Walsh.
• Lockhart, James H. Stewart (1915). The Stewart Lockhart Collection of Chinese Copper Coins. Shanghai etc.: Kelly & Walsh, limited. 
• Fraser, Everard Duncan Home, Ming Tso-ch*°u and James H. Stewart Lockhart (1930). Index to the Tso Chuan. London, New York: Oxford university press H. Milford. 
• Lockhart, James H. Stewart (1975). The Lockhart Collection of Chinese Copper Coins. Lawrence, Mass.: Quarterman Publications. ISBN 0880000562. 
• White, R. Byron, James H. Stewart Lockhart and Marjorie White (1976). A Comprehensive Finding List of Chinese Cash: T'ang to Republic K'ai Yuan to Min Kuo, 618 Ad to 1912 Ad, Together with Lockhart's Listing of the Chinese Dynasties. Sheldonville, MA: White. ISBN 0917114019. 

References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to James Stewart Lockhart.

• Edinburgh City Art Centre (1982). An Ardent Collector: An Exhibition of the Stewart Lockhart Collection. ISBN 9780950843605.
• Airlie, Shiona (1989). Thistle and Bamboo: The Life and Times of Sir James Stewart Lockhart. Hong Kong; New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195842111. 
• Sonia Lightfoot (2008). The Chinese painting collection and correspondence of Sir James Stewart Lockhart (1858-1937). E. Mellen Press. ISBN 9780773450790.
• "Sir James Haldane Stewart Lockhart: Colonial Civil Servant and Scholar," Lethbridge, Henry J. (1978). Hong Kong, Stability and Change: A Collection of Essays. Hong Kong: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0195804023.