Italian Islands of the Aegean

Italian Islands of the Aegean
Isole italiane dell'Egeo
Ἰταλικαὶ Νῆσοι Αἰγαίου Πελάγους
Intermediate status between colony and integral part of Italy
1912–1943
Flag Coat of arms
Motto
Foedere et Religione Tenemur
"We are held together by Pact and Religion"
Anthem
Marcia Reale d'Ordinanza
"Royal March of Ordinance"a
Capital Rhodes
Languages Greek, Italian, Turkish
Religion Greek Orthodox,
Roman Catholic
Political structure Possedimento
Military Commander (until 1922) Governor (1922-1943)
 •  1912–1913 Giovanni Ameglio (first)
 • 1922–1936 Mario Lago (first governor)
 • 1936-1940 Cesare Maria De Vecchi
 • 1940–1941 Ettore Bastico
 • 1941–1943 Inigo Campioni
Historical era Interwar / WWII
 •  Italo-Turkish War 27 April 1912
 •  Armistice of Cassibile & Dodecanese Campaign September–November 1943
Area
 •  1936 2,668 km² (1,030 sq mi)
Population
 •  1936 est. 132,289 
     Density 49.6 /km²  (128.4 /sq mi)
Currency Italian lira
Preceded by 		Succeeded by
Sanjak of Rhodes
Sanjak of Sakız
Dodecanese Campaign
a: After the Fascist takeover in 1922, unofficial anthem was Giovinezza ("Youth").[1]

The Italian Islands of the Aegean (Italian: Isole italiane dell'Egeo, Greek: Ἰταλικαὶ Νῆσοι Αἰγαίου Πελάγους) were a group of twelve major islands (the Dodecanese) in the southeastern Aegean Sea, which — together with the surrounding islets — were ruled by the Kingdom of Italy from 1912 to 1943.

Background

The Dodecanese, except Kastellorizo, were occupied by Italy during the Italo-Turkish War of 1912. Italy had agreed to return the islands to the Ottoman Empire according to the Treaty of Ouchy in 1912;[2] however the vagueness of the text allowed a provisional Italian administration of the islands, and Turkey eventually renounced all claims on the Dodecanese with Article 15 of the Treaty of Lausanne in 1923.[3]

The provisional Italian regime on the islands—titled "Rhodes and the Dodecanese" (Rodi e Dodecanese)—was originally in the hands of military governors, until the appointment on 7 August 1920 of Count Carlo Senni as the Viceroy of the Dodecanese (Reggente del Dodecaneso).[4] Following the end of World War I, Italy agreed twice, in the Venizelos–Tittoni agreement of 1919 and the Treaty of Sevres in 1920, to cede the islands to Greece except for Rhodes, which would enjoy extensive autonomy.[4] Due to the Greek embroilment and defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22, these agreements were never implemented.

Kastellorizo was temporarily occupied by France in 1915 and came under Italian control in 1921.[4] The Dodecanese islands were formally annexed by Fascist Italy, as the Possedimenti Italiani dell'Egeo in 1923.[5]

Italian interest in the Dodecanese was rooted in strategic purposes, and the islands were intended to further the Empire's long range imperial policy.[6] The islands of Leros and Patmos were used as bases for the Royal Italian Navy.[6]

Administrative policies

Starting in 1923, civil governors replaced the military commanders. The Italian politics towards the native population had two phases: while governor Mario Lago, liberal diplomat, favoured peaceful coexistence among the different ethnic groups and the Italians, choosing a soft strategy of integration, his successor, Cesare Maria De Vecchi, embarked on a forced Italianization campaign of the islands. Lago delegated land for Italian settlers and encouraged intermarriage with local Greeks.[5] In 1929, scholarships at the University of Pisa for Dodecanesian students were promoted to disseminate Italian culture and language among the local professional class.[7]

The only sector where Lago was unaccommodating was religion: Orthodox rite was suppressed and only Catholic ceremonies were recognized.[5] The Italian authorities also tried to limit the power of the Orthodox Church without success by trying to set up an autonomous Dodecanesian church.[7] Fascist youth organizations such as Opera Nazionale Balilla were introduced on the islands, and the Italianization of names was encouraged by the Italian authorities.[7] The juridic state of the islands was an intermediate one (possedimento) between a colony and a part of the motherland: due to that, local islanders, although formally Italian citizens, did not receive full citizenship and were not required to serve in the Italian armed forces.[5]

Under the governorship of De Vecchi (1936–1940), a staunch and dull fascist, the Italianization efforts became brutal.[7] The Italian language became compulsory in education and the public life, with Greek being only an optional subject in schools.[5][7] While under Lago the inhabitants were allowed to elect their own mayors, in 1937 the fascist system was set up to the islands, with newly appointed podestàs for each municipality (comune).[7] in 1938, Italian Racial Laws were introduced to the islands along with a series of decrees equalizing local legislation with Italian law.[7]

Italian settlement efforts

Efforts to bring Italian settlers to the islands were not notably successful. By 1936, Italians in the Dodecanese numbered 16,711, most of them living on Rhodes and Leros.[7] Italians of Rhodes and Kos were farmers involved in setting up new agricultural settlements, while Italians of Leros were generally employed by the army and lived at its facilities in the new Italian-built model town of Portolago (modern Lakki).[7]

Public works

Mussolini wanted to transform the islands into showcases of the Italian colonial empire, and undertook a series of massive public works in the archipelago.[8] New roads, monumental buildings in accordance with fascist architecture and waterworks were constructed, sometimes using forced Greek labor.[8]

Many examples of Italian architecture can still be found on the islands:[9] A few among them are:

The Italians also surveyed the islands for the first time in history, and began to introduce mass-scale tourism to Rhodes and Kos.[8] However, the smaller islands were mostly neglected by the improvement efforts and were left underdeveloped.[8]

Archeology

Mussolini stated that Rhodes had merely returned to its ancestral home after being annexed by Italy, as the Dodecanese had been an important part of the Roman Empire.[6] Major Italian archaeological efforts from the 1930s onward were intended to discover Roman antiquities and thus strengthen the Italian claim on the islands.[6][8]

Administrative division

Island (Italian name in parentheses) Area Population
Rhodes (Rodi) and dependent islets 1,412 km2 (545 sq mi) 60,244
Patmos (Patmo) and dependent islets 57.1 km2 (22.0 sq mi) 3214
Leipsoi (Lisso) 174 km2 (67 sq mi) 993
Kalymnos (Calino) and dependent islets 128.2 km2 (49.5 sq mi) 15,338
Kos (Coo) 296 km2 (114 sq mi) 20,003
Astypalaia (Stampalia) and dependent islets 113.6 km2 (43.9 sq mi) 1767
Nisyros (Nisiro) and dependent islets 48 km2 (19 sq mi) 2375
Symi (Simi) and dependent islets 63.6 km2 (24.6 sq mi) 6176
Tilos (Piscopi) and dependent islets 64.3 km2 (24.8 sq mi) 1227
Halki (Calchi) and dependent islets 30.3 km2 (11.7 sq mi) 1476
Karpathos (Scarpanto) and dependent islets 306 km2 (118 sq mi) 7893
Kasos (Caso) and dependent islets 69.4 km2 (26.8 sq mi) 1913
Megisti (Castelrosso) and dependent islets 11.5 km2 (4.4 sq mi) 2267
Italian Aegean Islands 2,668.3 km2 (1,030.2 sq mi) 132,289
Source: Census of 1936
Source: Annuario Generale, Consociazione Turistica Italiana, Roma, 1938

Planned expansion

After the Battle of Greece, Fascist authorities pushed for the incorporation of the Cyclades and Sporades into Italy's Aegean possession, but the Germans were opposed to any territorial reduction of the puppet Hellenic State.[10] As the Cyclades were already under Italian occupation, the preparation for outright annexation was continued despite German opposition.[10]

End of Italian influence

After the Italian capitulation of September 1943, the islands briefly became a battleground between the Germans, British and the Italians (the Dodecanese Campaign).[11] The Germans prevailed, and although they were driven out of mainland Greece in 1944, the Dodecanese remained occupied until the end of the war in 1945.[11] During the German occupation, the Dodecanese remained under the nominal sovereignty of the Italian Social Republic, but were de facto subject to the German military command.[12] After the end of World War II, the islands came under provisional British administration.

In the Treaty of Peace in 1947, the islands were ceded to Greece.[11]

List of governors of the Italian Islands of the Aegean (1912–47)

See also

References

  1. ↑ www.nationalanthems.info
  2. ↑ Treaty of Ouchy (1912), also known as the First Treaty of Lausanne
  3. ↑ James Barros, The Corfu Incident of 1923: Mussolini and The League of Nations, Princeton University Press, 1965 (reprinted 2015), ISBN 1400874610, p. 69
  4. 1 2 3 Giannopoulos, Giannis (2006). "Δωδεκάνησος, η γένεση ενός ονόματος και η αντιμετώπισή του από τους Ιταλούς" [Dodecanese, the genesis of a name and the Italian approach]. Ἑῶα καὶ Ἑσπέρια (in Greek). 6: 275–296. doi:10.12681/eoaesperia.78. ISSN 2241-7540.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 Marc Dubin (2002). Rough Guide to the Dodecanese & East Aegean islands. Rough Guides. p. 436. ISBN 1-85828-883-5.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Anthony J. Papalas (2005). Rebels and radicals: Icaria 1600-2000. Bolchazy-Carducci Publishers. p. 101. ISBN 0-86516-605-6.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Aegeannet, The Dodecanese under Italian Rule
  8. 1 2 3 4 5 Dubin (2002), p. 437
  9. ↑ in Italian
  10. 1 2 Davide Rodogno (2006). Fascism's European empire: Italian occupation during the Second World War. Cambridge University Press. p. 85. ISBN 0-521-84515-7.
  11. 1 2 3 Dubin (2002), p. 438
  12. ↑ Nicola Cospito; Hans Werner Neulen (1992). Salò-Berlino: l'alleanza difficile. La Repubblica Sociale Italiana nei documenti segreti del Terzo Reich. Mursia. p. 128. ISBN 88-425-1285-0.

Italian sources


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