Foreign relations of Indonesia

Indonesia
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Since independence, Indonesian foreign relations have adhered to a "free and active" foreign policy, seeking to play a role in regional affairs commensurate with its size and location but avoiding involvement in conflicts among major powers. Indonesian foreign policy under the "New Order" government of President Suharto moved away from the stridently anti-Western, anti-American posturing that characterised the latter part of the Sukarno era. Following Suharto's ouster in 1998, Indonesia's government has preserved the broad outlines of Suharto's independent, moderate foreign policy. Preoccupation with domestic problems has not prevented successive presidents from travelling abroad and Indonesia's participation in many international fora.

Indonesia's relations with the international community were strained as a result of its invasion of neighbouring East Timor in December 1975, the subsequent annexation and occupation, the independence referendum in 1999 and the resulting violence afterwards. As one of the founding members of Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), established in 1967, and also as the largest country in Southeast Asia, Indonesia has put ASEAN as the cornerstone of its foreign policy and outlook. After the transformation from Suharto's regime to a relatively open and democratic country in the 21st century, Indonesia today exercises its influence to promote co-operation, development, democracy, security, peace and stability in the region through its leadership in ASEAN.[1]

Indonesia managed to play a role as a peacemaker in the Cambodia-Thailand conflict over the Preah Vihear temple. Indonesia and other ASEAN member countries collectively have also played a role in encouraging the government of Myanmar to open up its political system and introduce other reforms more quickly.[1]

Given its geographic and demographic size, rising capabilities and diplomatic initiatives, scholars have labelled Indonesia to be one Asia-Pacific's middle powers.[2]


Significant international memberships

ASEAN

The Secretariat of ASEAN in Jakarta, the cornerstone of Indonesian foreign policy.

A cornerstone of Indonesia's contemporary foreign policy is its participation in the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN), of which it was a founding member in 1967 with Thailand, Malaysia, Singapore, and the Philippines. Since then, Brunei, Vietnam, Laos, Burma, and Cambodia also have joined ASEAN. While organised to promote common economic, social, and cultural goals, ASEAN acquired a security dimension after Vietnam's invasion of Cambodia in 1979; this aspect of ASEAN expanded with the establishment of the ASEAN Regional Forum in 1994, which comprises 22 countries, including the US

Indonesian national capital Jakarta is also the seat of ASEAN Secretariat, located at Jalan Sisingamangaraja No.70A, Kebayoran Baru, South Jakarta. Other than serving their diplomatic missions for Indonesia, numbers of foreign embassies and diplomatic mission in Jakarta are also accredited to ASEAN. ASEAN Headquarter has led to the prominence of Jakarta as a diplomatic hub in Southeast Asia.

In the late 1990s to early 2000s, Indonesia's continued domestic troubles have distracted it from ASEAN matters and consequently lessened its influence within the organisation. However, after the politics and economic transformation, from the turmoil of 1998 Reformasi to the relatively open and democratic civil society with rapid economic growth in the 2010s, Indonesia returned to the region's diplomatic stage by assuming its leadership role in ASEAN in 2011. Indonesia is viewed to have weight, international legitimacy and global appeal to draw support and attention from around the world to ASEAN. Indonesia believes that ASEAN can contribute positively to the global community, by promoting economic development and co-operation, improving security, peace, stability of ASEAN, and making the Southeast Asia region far from conflicts.[1]

Indonesia's bilateral relations with three neighboring fellow ASEAN members — Malaysia, Singapore, and Vietnam — are not without challenges. If not managed properly would result in mutual mistrust and suspicion, thus hindering bilateral and regional cooperation. In the era of rising Indonesia which might asserts its leadership role within ASEAN, the problem could become greater. Nevertheless, the rise of Indonesia should be regarded in the sense of optimism. First, although Indonesia is likely to become assertive, the general tone of its foreign policy are mainly liberal and accommodating. The consolidation of Indonesian democratic government played a key role and influence in ASEAN. The second, institutional web of ASEAN will sustain engagements and regular meeting between regional elites, thus deepening their mutual understanding and personal connections.[3]

Non-Aligned Movement

Indonesia also was one of the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM) and has taken moderate positions in its councils. As NAM Chairman in 1992-95, it led NAM positions away from the rhetoric of North-South confrontation, advocating instead the broadening of North-South co-operation in the area of development. Indonesia continues to be a prominent, and generally helpful, leader of the Non-Aligned Movement.

Organization of Islamic Cooperation

Indonesia has the world's largest Muslim population, and is a member of the Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC). It carefully considers the interests of Islamic solidarity in its foreign policy decisions but generally has been an influence for moderation in the OIC. President Abdurrahman Wahid has pursued better relations with Israel, and in August 2000 he met with former Israeli Prime Minister Shimon Peres. However, as of January 2006, there's no formal diplomacy link between Indonesia and Israel. As such, Indonesia, alongside its Malaysian neighbour, conducts its foreign relations with Israel through Singapore.[4]

APEC

Indonesia has been a strong supporter of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) forum. Largely through the efforts of President Suharto at the 1994 meeting in Bogor, Indonesia, APEC members agreed to implement free trade in the region by 2010 for industrialised economies and 2020 for developing economies. As the largest economy in Southeast Asia, Indonesia also belongs to another economic groupings such as G-20 major economies (G-20) and Developing 8 Countries (D-8).

G-20 major economies

In 2008, Indonesia was admitted as a member of the G20, as the only ASEAN member state to be included in the group.[5] Through its membership in the global economic powerhouse that accounted of 85 percent of global economy,[5] Indonesia is keen to position itself as a mouthpiece for ASEAN countries, and as a representative of the developing world within the G-20.[6]

IGGI and CGI

After 1966, Indonesia welcomed and maintained close relations with the donor community, particularly the United States, western Europe, Australia, and Japan, through the Intergovernmental Group on Indonesia (IGGI) and its successor, the Consultative Group on Indonesia (CGI), which have provided substantial foreign economic assistance. Problems in Timor and Indonesia's reluctance to implement economic reform, have complicated Indonesia's relationship with donors.

International disputes

The many islands of Indonesia are the source for many pirate groups that regularly attack ships in the Strait of Malacca in the north,[7] and illegal fishing crews known for penetrating Australian and Filipino waters.[8]

Within ASEAN countries

Indonesia considers ASEAN as cornerstone of its foreign policy, through exercising its regional power and influence in peaceful and constructive manner among ASEAN countries.

Brunei

Republic of Indonesia established diplomatic relations with Brunei Darussalam on 1 January 1984. Brunei Darussalam was recognised by Jakarta on independence in 1984. Although they do not share a direct land border, Indonesia and Brunei share the island of Borneo. Overall relations between the two countries were progressing well and that both sides continued to enjoy strong ties in a wide spectrum of co-operations; including trade and investment, tourism, agriculture, marine and fisheries, health, defence, transnational crimes, education, youth, culture and people-to-people contacts.[9]

Cambodia

The relationship between ancient Indonesia and Cambodia dated back from the kingdom of Chenla and Javan Sailendra also Srivijaya; it was mentioned that king Jayavarman II had resided for some times in Java during the reign of Sailendras, and in 802 declare sovereignty of Cambodia from Java and proclaimed himself as universal monarch thus started the Angkor period.[10]

During the Sukarno reign in the 1960s, the president of Indonesia has visited Cambodia and vice versa prince Norodom Sihanouk also visited Indonesia. In 1992, Indonesia is among the countries that provides troops for United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia. Indonesia also supported Cambodia membership to ASEAN in 1999. Indonesia also among the countries that provide aid to Angkor restoration project, especially the three main gates of Angkor Royal Palace archaeological site near Phimeanakas site. Indonesia is also appointed as observer in Cambodian–Thai border dispute.[11][12]

Laos

Since established diplomatic relations on 1957, both countries enjoys cordial relations. Indonesia have an embassy in Vientiane, while Laos have an embassy in Jakarta. Indonesia supported and welcomed Laotian membership to the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) in 1997. Laos and Indonesia agreed to enhance relations to focus on exploring the potential of both countries to co-operate on trade and investment. The two countries expressed a desire to reach further agreements relating to security, tourism, sport, air transport and education.[13] Indonesia through bilateral co-operation assist Laos on capacity building and development in various sectors, trough scholarships and trainings for Laotian students.[14]

Malaysia

Myanmar

Philippines

Singapore

Thailand

Vietnam

Oceania

Australia

Since Indonesian independence, the two countries have maintained mutual diplomatic relations, formalised co-operation (especially in the fields of fisheries conservation, law enforcement, and justice co-operation), a measure of security co-operation, broadening treaty relationships, co-membership of regional forums, and co-participation in several multilateral Treaties of significance. Trade between the two countries has grown over the years.

Recent years have seen a deepening of Australia's aid commitment to Indonesia, and Australia has become a popular venue for Indonesian students.[22]

In 2008-09, Indonesia is the largest recipient of Australian aid at a value of AUD462 million.[23]

Indonesia has an embassy in Canberra and consulate general in Melbourne, Perth and Sydney, While Australia has an embassy in Jakarta and consulate in Medan, Makassar, Surabaya and Bali.

New Zealand

Having common interests as democracies and neighbours in the Asia-Pacific region, New Zealand and Indonesia are viewed as natural partners.[24] Both countries are members of APEC. Indonesia and New Zealand officially established diplomatic relations in 1950, the diplomatic and economic ties have grown stronger ever since. New Zealand has an embassy in Jakarta and Indonesia has an embassy in Wellington. Indonesia’s commodity exports to New Zealand consist mainly of energy products and minerals as well as lumber and agriculture, while New Zealand's commodity exports to Indonesia mainly consists of dairy products and meats, such as beef, milk, and cheese.

Papua New Guinea

Indonesia shares a 760-kilometre (470 mi) border with Papua New Guinea through its provinces of Papua and West Papua. The common border has raised tensions and ongoing diplomatic issues over many decades.[25]

Indonesia is represented in Papua New Guinea with an embassy in Port Moresby and a consulate in Vanimo.

Asia

Bangladesh

 Bangladesh

Indonesia is the world largest Muslim country in terms of its population, whereas Bangladesh is the fourth largest Muslim country. Indonesia and Bangladesh are partners in Organisation of Islamic Cooperation and the Developing 8 Countries. Bangladesh has an embassy in Jakarta and a consulate in Padang, whereas Indonesia has an embassy in Dhaka. Since the official bilateral relations were established in 1972, both countries enjoy cordial and friendly relations.

China

 China

China and Indonesia established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1950, which was suspended on 30 October 1967 due to the occurrence of the 30 September event of 1965. Indonesia also supports China on the Diaoyu (Senkaku) issue.

The bilateral relations began to ease since the 1980s. Foreign Minister Qian Qichen of China met with President Suharto and State Minister Moerdiono of Indonesia in 1989 to discuss the resumption of diplomatic relations of the two countries. In December 1989, the two sides held talks on the technical issues regarding the normalisation of bilateral relations and signed the Minutes. Foreign Minister Ali Alatas of Indonesia visited China on invitation in July 1990 and the two sides issued the Agreement on the Settlement of Indonesia's Debt Obligation to China and the Communique on the Resumption of Diplomatic Relations between the two countries. The two countries issued the "Communiqué on the Restoration of Diplomatic Relations between the Two Countries".

Premier Li Peng visited Indonesia on invitation on 6 August 1990. In his talks with President Suharto, the two sides expressed their willingness to improve relations between the two countries on the basis of the Five Principles of Peaceful Co-Existence and the Ten Principles of the Bandung Conference. On 8 August, Foreign Ministers of China and Indonesia on behalf of their respective governments, signed the Memorandum of Understanding on the Resumption of Diplomatic Relations. The two sides declared the formal resumption of the diplomatic relations between China and Indonesia on that day.

East Timor

East Timor (officially named the Democratic Republic of Timor-Leste) and Indonesia share the island of Timor. Indonesia invaded the former Portuguese colony in 1975 and annexed East Timor in 1976, maintaining East Timor as its 27th province until a United Nations-sponsored referendum in 1999, in which the people of East Timor chose independence. Following a United Nations interim administration, East Timor gained independence in 2002.

Despite the traumatic past, relations with Indonesia are very good. Indonesia is by far the largest trading partner of East Timor (Approximately 50% of imports, 2005) and is steadily increasing its share.

Problems to be solved include, East Timor-Indonesia Boundary Committee meetings to survey and delimit land boundary; and Indonesia is seeking resolution of East Timorese refugees in Indonesia.

India

 India

In 1950, Sukarno, Indonesian first president, called upon the peoples of Indonesia and India to "intensify the cordial relations" that had existed between the two countries "for more than 1000 years" before they had been "disrupted" by colonial powers.[26] Fifteen years later in Djakarta, government-inspired mobs were shouting: "Down with India, the servant of imperialists" and "Crush India, our enemy. "[27] Yet in the spring of 1966, the foreign ministers of both countries began speaking again of an era of friendly relations. India had supported Indonesian independence and Nehru had raised the Indonesian question in the United Nations Security Council.

India has an embassy in Jakarta[28] and Indonesia operates an embassy in Delhi.[29]

Iran

 Iran

Indonesia and Iran are Muslim-majority countries, despite the differences in its religious orientation. Indonesian has the largest Muslim Sunni population in the world, while Iran is a predominantly Shiite nation.[30]

As Islamic countries that have among the largest Muslim populations in the world, Iran and Indonesia hold themselves responsible for promoting Islam as a peaceful religion.[31] Diplomatic relations has been established since 1950. Indonesia has an embassy in Tehran, and Iran has an embassy in Jakarta. Both countries are full members of the World Trade Organization (WTO), The Non-Aligned Movement, Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC), and Developing 8 Countries.

Jakarta had offered to help mediate the Iranian nuclear dispute, Jakarta is on good terms with Iran and other Middle East countries, as well as with the West.[32][33]

Iraq

 Iraq

Indonesia and Iraq share similarity as Muslim-majority countries. both countries share their experiences in rebuilding and development. Indonesia has an embassy in Baghdad, while Iraq has an embassy in Jakarta. both countries are partners in multilateral organisations, such as World Trade Organization (WTO), The Non-Aligned Movement and Organisation of Islamic Cooperation (OIC).

After World War II, Iraq was one of the first countries to recognise Indonesia’s independence in 1945. The two countries established diplomatic relations in 1950 and have signed around 15 agreements to boost bilateral ties. Indonesia has maintained its embassy in Baghdad during various crises, such as the Iraq-Iran War in the 1980s. However, at the height of the Iraq War, Indonesia was forced to temporarily closed its embassy in Baghdad in 2003, and reopen it in June 2011.[34]

In 2003, the Indonesian government and people protested against a US-led military campaign against Baghdad. Over 50,000 Indonesian people crowded the streets of the Indonesian capital, Jakarta, on Sunday, 9 February 2003, to protest the United States' threat of military action against Iraq.[35] After the war ended and Indonesia reopened its embassy in 2011, relations between the two countries have developed at a fast pace. Iraq invited Indonesia's companies to participate in the reconstruction of Iraq.[36] Traditionally, Indonesia views Iraq as a source of energy resources, such as oil and gas. Iraqi people are familiar with Indonesian exported products such as: tires, soaps, spices, furniture, coal, clothing, palm oil, shoes, paper, automobiles, rubber, and electronic goods.

Japan

 Japan

Jordan

 Jordan

Nepal

   Nepal

Since the diplomatic relations was established in 1960, both countries enjoys friendly and cordial relations, although both parties do not established embassies in each counterparts' capitals. Indonesia only establishes honorary consulate in Kathmandu, while its embassy in Dhaka, Bangladesh, is also accredited to Nepal. Nepal on the other hand accredited its embassy in Bangkok, Thailand, also to Indonesia. Both the countries have many cultural proximities and similar view on international issues. both countries are also partners and founding members of the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).

North Korea

Indonesia is one of the very few countries that still maintain cordial relations with North Korea, despite international sanctions and isolation applied upon North Korea concerning its human rights abuses and nuclear missile program. Indonesia has adopted what it calls a “free-and-active” foreign policy, which allows it to be consistent in counting on both North and South Korea as friends.

Both countries share a relationship that dates back to the Sukarno and Kim Il-sung era in the 60s. Indonesia has an embassy in Pyongyang, while North Korea has an embassy in Jakarta. both countries are members of the Non-Aligned Movement.

According to a 2014 BBC World Service Poll, 28% of Indonesians view North Korea's influence positively, with 44% expressing a negative view. This shows a deterioration from previous year's poll where 42% of Indonesians view North Korea's influence positively, with 29% expressing a negative view.[39][40]

Pakistan

Saudi Arabia

 Saudi Arabia

South Korea

 South Korea

Sri Lanka

 Sri Lanka

Turkey

United Arab Emirates

Palestine

Israel

 Israel

The two countries maintain no formal diplomatic ties.[49][50][51]

Europe

Austria

Bulgaria

Cyprus

Denmark

Further information: Denmark–Indonesia relations

France

Finland

Germany

Greece

Holy See

Italy

Netherlands

Portugal

In 1999, Indonesia and Portugal restored diplomatic relations, which were broken off following the Indonesian invasion of East Timor in 1975.

Romania

Russia

Spain

Switzerland

Ukraine

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom and Indonesia have maintained strong relations since formal relations were established in 1949.[84] Indonesia has an embassy in London,[85] the United Kingdom has an embassy in Jakarta and consulate in Surabaya and Medan.[86]

The Culture and Tourism Ministry of Indonesia launched a campaign to boost the number of tourists from the UK entering Indonesia.[85] In 2009, 160,000 British tourists visited Indonesia, the aim of the campaign was to boost this number to 200,000.[85]

In 2006 former British prime-minister Tony Blair met with Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono where they agreed upon "the establishment of a regular Indonesia-UK Partnership Forum to be chaired by the Foreign Ministers, to promote strategic dialogue on bilateral, multilateral and global issues".[84] The first Indonesia-UK forum was held in 2007 and was chaired by British foreign minister Margaret Beckett and Indonesian foreign minister Hassan Wirajuda.[84]

In March 2010 members of the House of Lords praised Indonesia for their progress in democratising society, media freedom and environmental protection.[87] In a meeting with Indonesian MP Hayono Isman, the Lords stated that they wanted to improve the relationship between the two countries.[87]

North America

Canada

Mexico

United States

The United States has important economic, commercial, and security interests in Indonesia. It remains a lynchpin of regional security due to its strategic location astride a number of key international maritime straits, particularly the Malacca Strait. Relations between Indonesia and the US are positive and have advanced since the election of President Yudhoyono in October 2004. The US played a role in Indonesian independence in the late 1940s and appreciated Indonesia's role as an anti-communist bulwark during the Cold War. Cooperative relations are maintained today, although no formal security treaties bind the two countries. The United States and Indonesia share the common goal of maintaining peace, security, and stability in the region and engaging in a dialogue on threats to regional security. Cooperation between the US and Indonesia on counter-terrorism has increased steadily since 2002, as terrorist attacks in Bali (October 2002 and October 2005), Jakarta (August 2003 and September 2004) and other regional locations demonstrated the presence of terrorist organisations, principally Jemaah Islamiyah, in Indonesia. The United States has welcomed Indonesia's contributions to regional security, especially its leading role in helping restore democracy in Cambodia and in mediating territorial disputes in the South China Sea.

South America

Argentina

Brazil

Chile

Colombia

Cuba

Peru

Suriname

Venezuela

Africa

Algeria

Egypt

Kenya

Liberia

Libya

Madagascar

Morocco

Nigeria

South Africa

Tanzania

Tunisia

International organisation participation

See also

Further reading

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 Jafar M Sidik (7 December 2011). "Indonesia successfully takes ASEAN to greater height". Antara News. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  2. ↑ Fels, Enrico (2017). Shifting Power in Asia-Pacific? The Rise of China, Sino-US Competition and Regional Middle Power Allegiance. Springer. p. 697-747. ISBN 978-3-319-45689-8. Retrieved 2016-11-25.
  3. ↑ Roberts, Christopher B. (2015). Christopher B. Roberts; Ahmad D. Habir; Leonard C. Sebastian, eds. Indonesia's Ascent: Power, Leadership, and the Regional Order, Critical Studies of the Asia-Pacific. Palgrave Macmillan. pp. 259–260. ISBN 9781137397416. Retrieved 9 November 2015.
  4. ↑ AsiaMedia :: INDONESIA: Israel starts website in Indonesian
  5. 1 2 Muhtar Lutfi (18 November 2014). "Does the G20 matter for Indonesia?". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  6. ↑ Weck, Winfried (February 2011). "ASEAN and G20 – Indonesia 's Foreign Policy Perspectives" (PDF). KAS International Reports. Retrieved 20 July 2015.
  7. ↑ "BBC NEWS - Asia-Pacific - Resurgence of piracy on tsunami-hit seas". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  8. ↑ afma.gov.au; abc.net.au
  9. ↑ Sally Piri and Quratul-ain Bandial (12 April 2013). "Brunei and Indonesia reaffirm bilateral cooperation". www.bt.com.bn. The Brunei Times. Retrieved 28 May 2013.
  10. ↑ Dancing in Shadows. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  11. ↑ "Thailand, Cambodia Agree to Indonesian Observers at Border". VOA. Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  12. ↑ "RI ready to send observers to Cambodia, Thailand". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  13. ↑ "Laos, Indonesia to focus relations on trade and investment". www.laopdr.gov.la. National Portal of Laos PDR. 20 January 2011. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  14. ↑ "Current Socio Culture Relations". Embassy of Republic of Indonesia, Vientiane, Laos. Embassy of Indonesia. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  15. ↑ Indonesia to halt sending workers to Malaysia
  16. ↑ "Indonesia to resume sending workers to Malaysia: minister". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  17. ↑ Maierbrugger, Arno (17 April 2013). "Myanmar, Indonesia target $1b trade". Inside Investor. Retrieved 23 May 2013.
  18. ↑ Lang, Jarno. "Indonesia-Myanmar Relations: Promoting Democracy in South-East Asia". fairobserver.com. Fair Observer. Retrieved 25 May 2013.
  19. ↑ Asha Popatlal (8 August 2005). "Singapore and Indonesia sign MOU to expand air links". Channel NewsAsia.
  20. ↑ "Indonesia may ban granite exports". ANTARA News. 12 March 2007.
  21. ↑ "THAILAND-INDONESIA/TIES Thai PM in Jakarta to promote bilateral trade". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  22. ↑ http://www.dfat.gov.au/media/speeches/foreign/1996/austindo.html see reference to '12000 students' from Indonesia
  23. ↑ "Indonesia". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  24. ↑ "New Zealand and Indonesia". nzembassy.com. New Zealand Embassy Jakarta, Indonesia. Retrieved 30 May 2013.
  25. ↑ "Indonesia - Papua New Guinea". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  26. ↑ Foreign Policy of India: Text of Documents 1947-59 (p.54)
  27. ↑ I New York Times 10 September 1965
  28. ↑ "Embassyofindiajakarta.org". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  29. ↑ http://www.indonesianembassy.org.in/
  30. ↑ Yon Machmudi. "Cultural Cooperation between Indonesia and Iran:Challenges and Opportunities". Academia.edu. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  31. ↑ Priyambodo RH (19 March 2012). "RI-Iran relations have no limit". Antara News. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  32. ↑ Breffni O'Rourke (12 May 2006). "Iran finds an ally in Indonesia". Asia Times Online. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  33. ↑ "Indonesia offers Iran mediation". BBC. 10 May 2006. Retrieved 3 June 2013.
  34. ↑ "RI embassy in Baghdad resumes activity". The Jakarta Post. 2 July 2011. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  35. ↑ "Indonesians protest against Iraq war". CNN.com. 9 February 2003. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  36. ↑ Heru (4 July 2012). "Indonesia invited to participate in reconstruction of Iraq". Antara News. Retrieved 5 June 2013.
  37. ↑ Maya Sofia, Nila Chrisna Yulika (24 February 2014). "Tingkatkan Kerjasama, Raja Yordania Kunjungi Indonesia, Indonesia merupakan mitra dagang terbesar Yordania di ASEAN" (in Indonesian). Viva news. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  38. ↑ Wahyuni Kamah. "Jordan - a 'hospitable' gate for Indonesians". Civil Society Organizations in Jordan. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
  39. ↑ 2014 World Service Poll BBC
  40. ↑ 2013 World Service Poll BBC
  41. ↑ "Welcome to Indonesian Embassy, Islamabad". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  42. ↑ http://www.mofa.gov.pk/Indonesia/
  43. ↑ "Embassy of Pakistan in Indonesia". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  44. ↑ http://www.developing8.org/2010/03/29/pakistan-ri-trade-could-reach-2-billion/
  45. ↑ http://www.mofa.go.kr/ENG/countries/asiapacific/countries/20070802/1_24400.jsp?menu=m_30_10
  46. ↑ Reid, Anthony (February 2005). "The Ottomans in Southeast Asia" (PDF). ARI Working Papers. 36. Asia Research Institute, National University of Singapore
  47. ↑ "Embassy of Indonesia in Turkey". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  48. ↑ "Türkiye Cumhuriyeti". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  49. ↑ "Representatives from Indonesia, Israel sign medical agreement". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  50. ↑ "Indonesia condemns Israeli offensive". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  51. ↑ "Indonesia rules out diplomatic ties with Israel, reaffirms pro-Palestine stand". Forbes. 13 October 2005.
  52. ↑ Veeramalla Anjaiah (26 October 2009). "Austria, RI celebrate 55 years of relations with cultural shows". thejakartapost.com. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  53. ↑ Yanto Soegiarto (3 January 2012). "Austria's green power". thejakartaglobe.com. Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 18 June 2013.
  54. ↑ Official Website of the Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia in Sofia, Bulgaria.
  55. ↑ Ministry Foreign Affairs of Cyprus
  56. ↑ Ministry Foreign Affairs of Cyprus
  57. ↑ Ministry Foreign Affairs of Cyprus
  58. ↑ Jimbon, Source: Antara (10 October 2009). "How French Sees The Relations with Indonesia". Kompas.com. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  59. ↑ "France and Indonesia". France Diplomatie. 1 August 2012. Retrieved 11 February 2013.
  60. ↑ "Indonesia, Political relations". auswaertiges-amt.de. Federal Foreign Office of Germany. March 2013. Retrieved 2 June 2013.
  61. ↑ "Embassy of Indonesia, Athens -". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  62. ↑ Greek embassy in Jakarta
  63. ↑ "Indonesia (nunciature)". Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  64. ↑ "Embassy of Republic of Indonesia to the Holy See". indonesiavatican.it. Embassy of Republic of Indonesia to the Holy See. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  65. ↑ "Vatican Indonesia' relations". catholicherald.co.uk. Catholic Herald. 10 March 1950. Retrieved 20 August 2013.
  66. ↑ "Address of the Holy Father Paul VI to the President of the Republic of Indonesia - Djakarta, Indonesia Thursday, 3 December 1970". Vatican.va. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013.
  67. ↑ Haberman, Clyde (10 October 1989). "Pope, on Delicate Ground, Visits Indonesia". The New York Times. Retrieved 21 August 2013.
  68. ↑ png/dic (2 June 2012). "Italy to boost relations with RI, honours 3 Indonesians". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  69. ↑ "Italy-Indonesia: possible trade increase from $4.5 to 25 billion - partnership for major investments, says Terzi". Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Italy. 24 April 2012. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  70. ↑ Mathias Hariyadi (24 April 2012). "Jakarta and Rome promoting interfaith dialogue to counter extremism". Asia News. Retrieved 14 June 2013.
  71. ↑ Indonesian embassy in Lisbon
  72. ↑ of Portugal
  73. ↑ "-:Website-ul Ambasada Indoneziei - Bucuresti:-". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  74. ↑ Russian embassy in Jakarta
  75. ↑ Indonesian embassy in Moscow
  76. ↑ "Spanyol Jadikan Indonesia Salah Satu Prioritas Hubungan di Asia" (in Indonesian). Ministry of Foreign Affair Republic of Indonesia. 3 November 2009. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  77. 1 2 3 4 Veeramalla Anjaiah (12 September 2012). "Argentina eyes strategic partnership with Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  78. ↑ Novan Iman Santosa (14 February 2013). "Spain, RI strengthen defence, relief ties". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 13 June 2013.
  79. ↑ "Indonesia and Switzerland Share Common Principles". Jakarta Globe. 2 August 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  80. ↑ "Bilateral relations between Switzerland and Indonesia". Federal Department of Foreign Affairs, Switzerland. 7 November 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  81. ↑ "List of Agreements Between the Swiss Confederation and the Republic of Indonesia". Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Republic of Indonesia. Retrieved 17 June 2013.
  82. ↑ "HOME - Embassy of the Republic of Indonesia". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  83. ↑ "Посольство України в Республіці Індонезія". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  84. 1 2 3 UK-Indonesia relations
  85. 1 2 3 News-Indonesianembassy
  86. ↑ Our embassy
  87. 1 2 Ministry of Foreign Affairs - Members of the UK’s House of Lords praised Indonesia’s achievements
  88. ↑ Canadian embassy in Jakarta
  89. ↑ "Indonesian embassy in Ottawa". Indonesia-ottawa.org. Retrieved 3 June 2011.
  90. ↑ "Commemorating 60 Years of Diplomatic Relations, Indonesia and Mexico Agree to Improve Partnership". The President Post. 15 May 2013. Retrieved 11 June 2013.
  91. ↑ Veeramalla Anjaiah (15 September 2008). "Mexico, Indonesia are still good friends after 55 years: Envoy". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  92. ↑ Linda Yulisman (23 April 2013). "Mexico expects free-trade deal with Indonesia". The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 10 June 2013.
  93. 1 2 Ezra Sihite (17 January 2013). "Indonesia, Argentina to Increase Bilateral Cooperation". Jakarta Globe. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  94. ↑ "Tropical Rainforest". internetgeography.net. Internet Geography. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  95. ↑ Alister Doyle (24 August 2012). "Oslo urges Brazil, Indonesia to keep forest protection". reuters.com. Reuters. Retrieved 12 June 2013.
  96. ↑ "Biodiversity, Australia State of the Environment Report 2001 (Theme Report): The meaning, significance and implications of biodiversity (Megadiverse countries)". Retrieved 21 February 2015.
  97. ↑ Linda Yulisman (5 October 2011). "Brazil hopes to forge closer links with Indonesia". www.thejakartapost.com. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  98. ↑ Awidya Santikajaya (7 February 2013). "Emerging Indonesia and its global posture". www.thejakartapost.com. The Jakarta Post. Retrieved 8 June 2013.
  99. ↑ Ramadhian Fadillah (13 June 2012). "Soekarno soal cerutu Kuba, Che dan Castro" (in Indonesian). Merdeka.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
  100. ↑ Anne Tang (22 January 2010). "Indonesia, Cuba celebrate 50th anniversary of diplomatic ties". Xinhuanet.com. Retrieved 15 June 2013.
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