Intermediate-density lipoprotein

Intermediate-density lipoproteins (IDLs) belong to the lipoprotein particle family and are formed from the degradation of very low-density lipoproteins. IDL is one of the five major groups of lipoproteins (chylomicrons, VLDL, IDL, LDL, HDL) that enable fats and cholesterol to move within the water-based solution of the bloodstream. Each native IDL particle consists of protein that encircles various fatty acids, enabling, as a water-soluble particle, these fatty acids to travel in the aqueous blood environment as part of the fat transport system within the body. Their size is, in general, 25 to 35 nm in diameter, and they contain primarily a range of triacylglycerols and cholesterol esters. They are cleared from the plasma into the liver by receptor-mediated endocytosis, or further degraded to form LDL particles.

(Although one might intuitively assume that "intermediate-density" refers to a density between that of high-density and low-density lipoproteins, it in fact refers to a density between that of low-density and very-low-density lipoproteins. Lipoproteins are classified as less dense when the fat to protein ratio is increased.)

In general, IDL, somewhat similar to low-density lipoprotein (LDL), transports a variety of triglyceride fats and cholesterol and, like LDL, can also promote the growth of atheroma.

VLDL is a large, triglyceride-rich lipoprotein secreted by the liver that transports triglyceride to adipose tissue and muscle. The triglycerides in VLDL are removed in capillaries by the enzyme lipoprotein lipase, and the VLDL returns to the circulation as a smaller particle with a new name, intermediate-density lipoprotein (IDL). The IDL particles have lost most of their triglyceride, but they retain cholesteryl esters. Some of the IDL particles are rapidly taken up by the liver; others remain in circulation, where they undergo further triglyceride hydrolysis and are converted to LDL. A distinguishing feature of the IDL particle is their content of multiple copies of the receptor ligand ApoE in addition to a single copy of ApoB-100. The multiple copies of ApoE allow IDL to bind to the LDL receptor with a very high affinity. When IDL is converted to LDL, the ApoE leaves the particle and only the ApoB-100 remains. Thereafter, the affinity for the LDL receptor is much reduced.[1]

References

Brown MS and Goldstein JL (1986). A receptor-mediated pathway for cholesterol homeostasis. Science 232:34–47.

Lipids: lipoprotein particle metabolism

Lipoprotein particle classes and subclasses	delivery of TGs: Chylomicron VLDL delivery of C and CE: IDL LDL lb LDL sd LDL Lp(a) HDL

Apolipoproteins	APOA 1 2 4 5 APOB APOC 1 2 3 4 APOD APOE APOH SAA SAA1

Extracellular enzymes	LCAT LIPC LPL

Lipid transfer proteins	CETP MTTP PLTP

Cell surface receptors	HDL: SCARB1 IDL: LRP LRP1 LRP1B LRP2 LRP3 LRP4 LRP5 LRP5L LRP6 LRP8 LRP10 LRP11 LRP12 LDL: LDLR LRPAP1

ATP-binding cassette transporter	ABCA1 ABCG5 ABCG8

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