Pope Innocent V

Pope Blessed
Innocent V
Papacy began 21 January 1276
Papacy ended 22 June 1276
Predecessor Gregory X
Successor Adrian V
Orders
Ordination c. 1259
Consecration 1272
Created Cardinal 3 June 1273
by Pope Gregory X
Personal details
Birth name Pierre de Tarentaise
Born c. 1225
Near Champagny-en-Vanoise or La Salle, County of Savoy, Kingdom of Arles, Holy Roman Empire
Died 22 June 1276(1276-06-22)
Rome, Papal States, Holy Roman Empire
Previous post
Coat of arms {{{coat_of_arms_alt}}}
Sainthood
Feast day 22 June
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Title as Saint Blessed
Beatified 9 March 1898
Rome, Kingdom of Italy
by Pope Leo XIII
Attributes
Other popes named Innocent
Papal styles of
Pope Innocent V
Reference style His Holiness
Spoken style Sanctissime et reverende pater ac domine
Religious style Holy Father
Posthumous style Blessed

Pope Innocent V (Latin: Innocentius V; c. 1225 – 22 June 1276), born Pierre de Tarentaise, was Pope from 21 January to 22 June 1276. He was a member of the Order of Preachers and was a close collaborator of Pope Gregory X during his pontificate. He was beatified in 1898 by Pope Leo XIII.

Biography

Early life

He was born around 1225 near Moûtiers in the Tarentaise[1] region of the County of Savoy. An alternative popular hypothesis, however, affirms that he was born in La Salle in the Aosta valley in Italy.[2] Both places were then part of the Kingdom of Arles in the Holy Roman Empire, but now the first is in southeastern France and the second in northwestern Italy. Another hypothesis, favored by some French scholars, is that Peter originated in a Tarantaise in Burgundy, or Tarantaise in the Department of the Loire in the Arrondisement of S. Etienne.[3] In early life, around 1240, he joined the Dominican Order, at their convent in Lyons.[4] In the summer of 1255, he was transferred to the studium generale of the Convent of S. Jacques in Paris. This move was essential for someone who was likely to study at the University of Paris. He obtained the degree of Master of Theology,[5] and quickly acquired great fame as a preacher.

Professor and Provincial

Between 1259 and 1264 he held the "Chair of the French", one of the two chairs (professorships) that were allocated to the Dominicans.[6]

In 1259, Peter took part, perhaps because of his status as a Master at Paris, perhaps as an elected Definitor (delegate) for the Province of France,[7] in the General Chapter of the Dominican Order at Valenciennes, under the leadership of the Master General, Humbertus de Romans.[8] Peter participated together with Albert the Great, Thomas Aquinas, Bonushomo Britto,[9] and Florentius.[10] This General Chapter established a ratio studiorum, or program of studies, which was to be implemented for the entire Dominican Order,[11] that featured the study of philosophy as a preparative for those not sufficiently trained to study theology. This innovation initiated the tradition of Dominican scholastic philosophy which was to be put into practice in every Dominican convent, if possible, for example, in 1265 at the Order's studium provinciale at the convent of Santa Sabina in Rome.[12] Each convent was expected to have an elected Lector to supervise the preparative studies and an elected Master for theological studies. In the next year he was assigned the title of Preacher General.

In 1264 a new Master General of the Order of Preachers was elected, John of Vercelli. It was taken as an opportunity to engage in some academic politics, since Humbertus de Romans, Peter's patron, was dead. One hundred and eight of Peter's statements in his Commentary on the Sentences of Peter Lombard were denounced as heretical.[13] But, though Peter withdrew from his professorship, John of Vercelli appointed Thomas Aquinas to write a defense of the 108 propositions.[14] Peter's reputation was such that he was immediately elected Provincial of the French Province for a three-year term (1264-1267). He was granted his release from office at the General Chapter, which was held in Bologna in May, 1267.[15] At the conclusion of his term, and after Thomas of Aquinas' rejoinder to his critics was circulated, Peter returned to his Chair at the University of Paris (1267). In 1269 he was reelected to the office of Provincial of the French Province, and he held the post until he was named Archbishop of Lyons.[16]

On 6 June 1272, Pope Gregory X himself named Peter of Tarantaise to be Archbishop of Lyons, a post he held until he was appointed to be Bishop of Ostia.[17] It is said, however, that Peter was never consecrated.[18] He did, however, take the oath of fealty in early December, 1272, to King Philip III of France.[19] Pope Gregory himself arrived in Lyons in mid-November, 1273, intent upon bringing as many prelates as possible to his planned ecumenical council.[20] He met immediately with King Philip III of France. Their conversations were obviously harmonious, since Philip ceded to the Church the Comtat Venaissin, which he had inherited from his uncle Alphonse, Count of Toulouse. The Second Council of Lyons opened on 1 May 1274. The first session was held on Monday, 7 May. The principal items on the agenda were the Crusade, and the reunion of the Eastern and Western Churches.

Cardinal Bishop of Ostia

Peter of Tarantaise was elevated to the cardinalate on 3 June 1273, in a Consistory held at Orvieto by Pope Gregory X, and named Bishop of the suburbicarian See of Ostia. He participated in the Second Ecumenical Council of Lyons.[21] During the Council, he sang the Funeral Mass and delivered the sermon at the funeral of Cardinal Bonaventure, Bishop of Albano, who had died on 15 July 1274, and was buried on the same day in the Church of the Franciscans in Lyons. Pope Gregory, the Fathers of the Council and the Roman Curia all attended.[22] After the conclusion of the Council, Pope Gregory spent the Autumn and Winter in Lyons. He and his suite departed Lyons in May, 1275; he left Vienne shortly after 30 September 1275, and arrived in Lausanne on 6 October.[23] There he met with the Emperor-elect Rudolph, King of the Romans, and on October 20 received his oath of fealty.[24] There were seven cardinals with the Pope at the time, and their names are mentioned in the record of the oath-taking: Petrus Ostiensis, Ancherus Pantaleone of S. Prassede, Guglelmus de Bray of S. Marco, Ottobono Fieschi of S. Adriano, Giacomo Savelli of S. Maria in Cosmedin, Gottifridus de Alatri of S. Giorgio in Velabro, and Mattheus Rosso Orsini of S. Maria in Porticu. The party reached Milan on Tuesday, 12 November 1275, and Florence on 18 December. The papal party reached Arezzo in time for Christmas, but the Pope was weak and ill. The stay in Arezzo was prolonged until Gregory X died, on 10 January 1276. Only three cardinals were at his deathbed: Peter of Tarantaise, Peter Juliani of Tusculum, and Bertrand de Saint-Martin of Sabina, all cardinal-bishops.[25] According to the Constitution "Ubi Periculum" which had been approved by the Council of Lyons, the Conclave to elect his successor should begin ten days after the pope's death.

Papacy: January—June, 1276

Papal conclave

After the required ten days had passed, the Cardinals assembled on the Vigil of St. Agnes (20 January) to hear the customary Mass of the Holy Spirit. There were twelve cardinals present.[26] Two cardinals, Simon de Brion, who was Papal Legate in France, and Giovanni Gaetano Orsini, did not attend.[27] The next morning, 21 January, Cardinal Petrus was the unanimous choice of the electors, on the first ballot (scrutiny).[28] Peter of Tarantaise was the first Dominican to become Pope. He chose the pontifical name of "Innocent". His decision was to be crowned in Rome, which had not seen a pope since the departure of Gregory X in the third week of June, 1272. By 7 February the Papal Curia had reached Viterbo. King Charles of Naples rode up to Viterbo to meet the new Pope and escort him to Rome.[29] On 22 February 1276, the Feast of S. Peter's Chair, he was crowned at the Vatican Basilica by Cardinal Giovanni Gaetano Orsini.

Actions and Policies

On 2 March 1276, Pope Innocent granted to King Charles I of Sicily the privilege of retaining the Senatorship of Rome, the government of the city, and the Rectorship of Tuscia.[30] In a letter of 4 March, the Pope testifies that King Charles had sworn fealty for the Kingdom of Naples and of Sicily.[31] On 9 March, he wrote to Rudolf, King of the Romans, begging him not to come to Italy, and if he had already started his journey, to break it off, until an agreement between him and the Papacy could be finalized. This meant that Rudolf's coronation, which had been agreed to by Gregory X, would not immediately take place. On the 17th, he wrote to the King of the Romans again, advising him to meet with the papal nuncios, and that, in their negotiations, he should by no means introduce the topic of the Exarchate of Ravenna, the Pentapolis, and the Romandiola. This looked like extortion. The French Innocent's favoritism toward King Charles, the brother of Louis IX and uncle of Philip III, and his harshness toward Rudolf was beginning to change the balance of power in Italy again, and was pointing in the direction of war. Pope Gregory's efforts to bring about peace had been ruined.[32]

On the 26th he ordered the Bishops of Parma and Comacchio to see to it that Boniface de Lavania (Lavagna) be installed as Archbishop of Ravenna, as Pope Gregory X had decided.[33] Innocent was able to arrange a peace treaty between Genoa and King Charles I, which was signed on 18 June 1276.[34]

On 18 May 1276, Pope Innocent V notified King Philip III of France that he had appointed his friend Fr. Guy de Sully, OP, the Dominican Provincial of Paris (a post that Innocent himself had held until 1272, when he was appointed Archbishop of Lyon), to the See of Bourges.[35]

A noteworthy feature of his brief pontificate was the practical form assumed by his desire for reunion with the Eastern Church. He wrote to Michael Palaeologus, informing him of the death of Gregory X, and apologizing for the fact that the Emperor's representatives, George, the Archdeacon of Constantinople,[36] and Theodore, the Dispensator of the Imperial Curia, had not yet been released to return to Constantinople. He was proceeding to send legates to Michael VIII Palaeologus, the Byzantine emperor, in connection with the recent decisions of the Second Council of Lyons, hoping to broker a peace between Constantinople and King Charles I of Sicily.[37] King Charles, however, was interested in conquest, not in concord. Innocent was interested in sending people to negotiate the reunion. He appointed Fr. Bartolommeo, O.Min., of Bologna, a Doctor of Sacred Scripture, to travel to the East, but he ordered him to come to Rome first, so that a suitable suite could be chosen for him.[38]

Death intervened. Pope Innocent V died died at Rome on 22 June 1276, after a reign of five months and one (or two) days. He was buried in the Lateran Basilica, in a magnificent tomb built by King Charles. Unfortunately, the tomb was destroyed by the two fourteenth century fires at the Basilica, in 1307 and 1361.[39]

Innocent V had created no new cardinals at all, and therefore the cast of characters at the Conclave of July, 1276, was the same as in January. King Charles, however, was in Rome the entire time, and was in the position as Senator of Rome, to be the Governor of the Conclave. His wishes could not be ignored.

Writings

Pope Innocent V was the author[40] of several works of philosophy, theology, and canon law,[41] including commentaries on the Pauline epistles,[42] and on the Sentences[43] of Peter Lombard. He is sometimes referred to as famosissimus doctor.

Beatification

Pope Leo XIII beatified Peter of Tarantaise (Innocent V) on 9 March 1898, on account of his reputation for holiness and saintliness.

References

  1. ↑ The localisation of Peter's birth to the valley of Tarantaise is found already in the biography by Bernardus Guidonis, a contemporary and fellow Dominican. Ludovico Antonio Muratori, Rerum Italicarum Scriptores III (Milan 1733), p. 605.
  2. ↑ Jean Prieur and Hyacinte Vulliez, Saints et saintes de Savoie (éditions Le Vieil, Annecy, 1999), pages 87-88. In support of this hypothesis, it is pointed out that a street in Aosta has been dedicated to Pope Innocent V—which is quite irrelevant.
  3. ↑ Ghislain Brunel, p. 793.
  4. ↑ Paolo Vian, "Innocenzo V, beato." Enciclopedia dei papi (2000). (in Italian) His residence in Lyons may have been the occasion for him acquiring the name Burgundus: Benedictine Monks of S. Maur (editors), Gallia christiana 4 (Paris 1728), p. 149. If Peter were Italian Savoyard, his presence in the French Province of the Dominicans must be convincingly explained.
  5. ↑ P. Glorieux, Répertoire des maîtres en théologie de Paris au XIIIe siècle I (Paris 1933), pp. 107-112.
  6. ↑ Pierre Feret, La faculté de Théologie de Paris, et ses docteurs les plus célèbres. Moyen Age. II (Paris 1895), pp. 487-494. Paolo Vian, "Innocenzo V, beato." Enciclopedia dei papi (2000). (in Italian)
  7. ↑ A. Touron, Histoire ddes hommes illustres de l'Ordre de S. Dominique Tome premier (Paris 1743), p. 347.
  8. ↑ The Acta of this General Chapter are printed by Benedictus Maria Reichert, Acta Capitulorum Generalium Ordinis Praedicatorum Vol. I (Rome-Stuttgart 1898), pp. 95-101. The sections on studies are on pp. 99-100.
  9. ↑ Histoire littéraire de la France: XIIIe siècle, Paris, Firmin-Didot, 1838, Volume 19, p. 103 Accessed October 27, 2012
  10. ↑ Reichert, p. 95, note 1. Florentius was probably Florentius de Hidinio, also called Florentius Gallicus, Histoire literaire de la France: XIIIe siècle, Volume 19, p. 104, Accessed October 27, 2012. The presence of these scholars was due to the proximity of Valenciennes to the University of Paris.
  11. ↑ Reichert, p. 98-99. Encyclopaedia of Religion and Ethics, Volume 10, p. 701. Accessed 9 June 2011
  12. ↑ "The Place of Study In the Ideal of St. Dominic", J. A. Weisheipl, O.P. (1923-1984), 1960. Accessed 19 March 2013
  13. ↑ B. Smeraldo, Intorno all'opuscolo IX di san Tommaso d'Aquino. Pietro da Tarantasia ha errato in teologia? (Roma 1945).
  14. ↑ Responsio ad fr. Ioannem Vercellensem de articulis 108 sumptis ex opere Petri de Tarentasia: M. Védrine, M. Bandel, M. Fouret (translators), Opuscules de Saint Thomas d'Aquin Tome deuxième (Paris 1857), pp. 50-91 (bilingual, Latin and French). Eleonore Stump, Aquinas (New York: Routledge 2003), xvii.
  15. ↑ Benedictus Maria Reichert, Acta Capitulorum Generalium Ordinis Praedicatorum Vol. I (Rome-Stuttgart 1898), p. 139. Potthast, no. 20022.
  16. ↑ Paolo Vian, "Innocenzo V, beato." Enciclopedia dei papi (2000). (in Italian)
  17. ↑ Conradus Eubel, Hierarchia catholica medii aevi Vol. 1 editio altera (Monsterii 1913), p. 316.
  18. ↑ Benedictine Monks of S. Maur (editors), Gallia christiana 4 (Paris 1728), p. 150, quoting Ptolemy of Lucca: factus fuit archiepiscopus Lugdunensis, et nondum consecratus in ea dignitate, factus est per eundem episcopus Ostiensis.
  19. ↑ P. Clerjon, Histoire de Lyon III (Lyon 1830), p. 284. The document was signed on the Thursday after the Feast of S. Andrew (which was celebrated on November 30), 1272.
  20. ↑ Potthast, p. 1672.
  21. ↑ Benedictine Monks of S. Maur (editors), Gallia christiana 4 (Paris 1728), p. 150. Joannes Dominicus Mansi, Sacrorum Conciliorum nova et amplissima collectio Tomus 24 (Venice 1780), 37-136, at p. 62.
  22. ↑ Mansi, p. 67.
  23. ↑ Augustus Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), p. 1700.
  24. ↑ Pietro Maria Campi, Dell' historia ecclesiastica di Piacenza parte seconda (Piacenza 1651), p. 483.
  25. ↑ Richard Sternfeld , Der Kardinal Johann Gaetan Orsini (Papst Nikolaus III) 1244-1277 (Berlin 1905), p. 239.
  26. ↑ Eubel I, p. 9 n.4; Sternfeld, 241. Sede Vacante and Conclave, January 1276 (Dr. J. P. Adams).
  27. ↑ Eubel suggests, p. 9, n.4, that a third cardinal might not have attended. He indicates it might have been Cardinal Riccardo Annibaldi.
  28. ↑ Peter of Tarantaise, Innocent V, remarks on the event in his Electoral Manifesto, Nuper Sanctae (A. Tomassetti, Bullarium Romanum Turin edition Vol. IV, pp. 35-36).
  29. ↑ Paul Durrieu, Les archives angevines de Naples II (Paris 1887), p. 180. On 4 January, the King was at Frosinone; on 5 January he was at Viterbo. On 8 January he was in Rome, where he stayed until 6 February. He is attested at Viterbo on 9 February, and on February 10 he was back in Rome, where he stayed continually until July.
  30. ↑ Augustinus Theiner (editor), Codex Diplomaticus dominii temporalis S. Sedis I (Rome 1861), p. 197 no. 349.
  31. ↑ Augustus Potthast, Regesta pontificum Romanorum II (Berlin 1875), no. 21104.
  32. ↑ Ferdinand Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages V. 2 (London 1906), pp. 473-474. J. N. D. Kelly, "Innocent V," The Oxford Dictionary of Popes (Oxford 1986), p. 199. Ghislain Brunel, p. 794.
  33. ↑ Potthast, nos. 21113-21114. Gregory's appointment: nos. 21066-21068 (4 September 1275).
  34. ↑ Brunel, p. 794.
  35. ↑ Potthast, no. 21131.
  36. ↑ Marie-Hyacinthe Laurent, Georges le Métochite, ambassadeur de Michel VIII paléologue auprès du B.Innocent V (Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, 1946).
  37. ↑ Potthast, no. 21136.
  38. ↑ Potthast, nos. 21136-21145.
  39. ↑ Potthast, p. 1708.
  40. ↑ Jacobus Quetif and Jacobus Echard, Scriptores Ordinis Praedicatorum recensiti Tomus I (Paris 1719), pp. 351-354.
  41. ↑ L.J. Bataillon, "Nouveaux témoins des questions "De lege et praeceptis" de Pierre de Tarentaise," Archivum Fratrum Praedicatorum 35 (1965), pp. 325-33.
  42. ↑ W. Affeldt, Die weltliche Gewalt in der Paulus-Exegese. Römer. 13, 1-7 in den Römerbriefkommentaren der lateinischen Kirche bis zum Ende des 13. Jahrhunderts (Göttingen 1969), pp. 212-18, 278-79.
  43. ↑ B. Smeraldo, Intorno all'opuscolo IX di san Tommaso d'Aquino. Pietro da Tarantasia ha errato in teologia? (Roma 1945). O. Lottin, "À propos du Commentaire des Sentences de Pierre de Tarentaise," Recherches de Théologie ancienne et médiévale 13 (1946), pp. 86-98. E. Marchisa, "Saggio sull'antropologia filosofica di Pietro da Tarentaise (Beatus Innocentius V) nel commento alle "Sentenze" di Pier Lombardo," Divus Thomas. Commentarium de Philosophia et Theologia 71 (1968), pp. 210-70.

Bibliography

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Henry of Segusio		 Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia
1273–1276 		Succeeded by
Latino Malabranca Orsini
Preceded by
Gregory X		 Pope
1276 		Succeeded by
Adrian V
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