Code page 437

Code page 437 is the character set of the original IBM PC (personal computer), or DOS. It is also known as CP437, OEM-US, OEM 437,[1] PC-8,[2] or DOS Latin US.[3] The set includes ASCII codes 32–126, extended codes for accented letters (diacritics), some Greek letters, icons, and line-drawing symbols. It is sometimes referred to as the "OEM font" or "high ASCII", or as "extended ASCII"[2] (one of many mutually incompatible ASCII extensions).

This character set remains the primary font in the core of any EGA and VGA-compatible graphics card. Text shown when a PC reboots, before any other font can be loaded from a storage medium, typically is rendered in this character set.[nb 1] Many file formats developed at the time of the IBM PC are based on code page 437 as well.

Display adapters

The original IBM PC contained this font as a 9×14 pixels-per-character font stored in the ROM of the IBM Monochrome Display Adapter (MDA) and an 8×8 pixels-per-character font of the Color Graphics Adapter (CGA) cards. The IBM Enhanced Graphics Adapter (EGA) contained an 8×14 pixels-per-character version, and the VGA contained a 9×16 version.

All these display adapters have text modes in which each character cell contains an 8-bit character code point (see details), giving 256 possible values for graphic characters. All 256 codes were assigned a graphical character in ROM, including the codes from 0 to 31 that were reserved in ASCII for non-graphical control characters.

Various Eastern European PCs used different character sets, sometimes user-selectable via jumpers or CMOS setup. These sets were designed to match 437 as much as possible, for instance sharing the code points for many of the line-drawing characters, while still allowing text in a local language to be displayed.

Alt codes

A legacy of code page 437 and other DOS codepages is the set of number combinations used in Windows Alt keycodes introduced in the first versions of DOS. The user could enter a character by holding down the Alt key and entering the three-digit decimal Alt keycode on the numpad. When Microsoft switched to their proprietary character sets (such as CP1252) and later Unicode in Windows, so many users had memorized the numbers used by their DOS codepage that Microsoft chose to retain the original codes (they added the ability to type a code in the actual character set, such as CP1252, by typing the numpad 0 before the digits).

Characters

The following tables show code page 437. Each character is shown with its equivalent Unicode code point and its decimal code point. See also the notes below as there are multiple equivalent Unicode characters for some code points. The decimal codes are also known as Alt codes.

Although the ROM provides a graphic for all 256 different possible 8-bit codes, some APIs will not print some code points, in particular the range 1-31 and the code at 127.[4] Instead they will interpret them as control characters. For instance many methods of outputting text on the original IBM PC would interpret the codes for BEL, BS, CR and LF. Many printers were also unable to print these characters.

Legend:

  Alphabetic
  Control character
  Numeric digit
  Punctuation

  Extended punctuation
  Graphic character
  International
  Undefined

Code page 437[5]
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F
 
0_
 
NUL
0000
0[lower-alpha 1]

263A
1

263B
2

2665
3

2666
4

2663
5

2660
6

2022
7

25D8
8

25CB
9

25D9
10

2642
11

2640
12

266A
13

266B
14

263C
15
 
1_
 

25BA
16

25C4
17

2195
18

203C
19

00B6
20
§
00A7
21

25AC
22

21A8
23

2191
24

2193
25

2192
26

2190
27

221F
28

2194
29

25B2
30

25BC
31
 
2_
 
SP
0020
32[lower-alpha 1]
!
0021
33
"
0022
34
#
0023
35
$
0024
36
%
0025
37
&
0026
38
'
0027
39
(
0028
40
)
0029
41
*
002A
42
+
002B
43
,
002C
44
-
002D
45
.
002E
46
/
002F
47
 
3_
 
0
0030
48
1
0031
49
2
0032
50
3
0033
51
4
0034
52
5
0035
53
6
0036
54
7
0037
55
8
0038
56
9
0039
57
:
003A
58
;
003B
59
<
003C
60
=
003D
61
>
003E
62
?
003F
63
 
4_
 
@
0040
64
A
0041
65
B
0042
66
C
0043
67
D
0044
68
E
0045
69
F
0046
70
G
0047
71
H
0048
72
I
0049
73
J
004A
74
K
004B
75
L
004C
76
M
004D
77
N
004E
78
O
004F
79
 
5_
 
P
0050
80
Q
0051
81
R
0052
82
S
0053
83
T
0054
84
U
0055
85
V
0056
86
W
0057
87
X
0058
88
Y
0059
89
Z
005A
90
[
005B
91
\
005C
92
]
005D
93
^
005E
94
_
005F
95
 
6_
 
`
0060
96
a
0061
97
b
0062
98
c
0063
99
d
0064
100
e
0065
101
f
0066
102
g
0067
103
h
0068
104
i
0069
105
j
006A
106
k
006B
107
l
006C
108
m
006D
109
n
006E
110
o
006F
111
 
7_
 
p
0070
112
q
0071
113
r
0072
114
s
0073
115
t
0074
116
u
0075
117
v
0076
118
w
0077
119
x
0078
120
y
0079
121
z
007A
122
{
007B
123
|
007C
124
}
007D
125
~
007E
126

2302
127
 
8_
 
Ç
00C7
128
ü
00FC
129
é
00E9
130
â
00E2
131
ä
00E4
132
à
00E0
133
å
00E5
134
ç
00E7
135
ê
00EA
136
ë
00EB
137
è
00E8
138
ï
00EF
139
î
00EE
140
ì
00EC
141
Ä
00C4
142
Å
00C5
143
 
9_
 
É
00C9
144
æ
00E6
145
Æ
00C6
146
ô
00F4
147
ö
00F6
148
ò
00F2
149
û
00FB
150
ù
00F9
151
ÿ
00FF
152
Ö
00D6
153
Ü
00DC
154
¢
00A2
155
£
00A3
156
¥
00A5
157

20A7
158
ƒ
0192
159
 
A_
 
á
00E1
160
í
00ED
161
ó
00F3
162
ú
00FA
163
ñ
00F1
164
Ñ
00D1
165
ª
00AA
166
º
00BA
167
¿
00BF
168

2310
169
¬
00AC
170
½
00BD
171
¼
00BC
172
¡
00A1
173
«
00AB
174
»
00BB
175
 
B_
 

2591
176

2592
177

2593
178

2502
179

2524
180

2561
181

2562
182

2556
183

2555
184

2563
185

2551
186

2557
187

255D
188

255C
189

255B
190

2510
191
 
C_
 

2514
192

2534
193

252C
194

251C
195

2500
196

253C
197

255E
198

255F
199

255A
200

2554
201

2569
202

2566
203

2560
204

2550
205

256C
206

2567
207
 
D_
 

2568
208

2564
209

2565
210

2559
211

2558
212

2552
213

2553
214

256B
215

256A
216

2518
217

250C
218

2588
219

2584
220

258C
221

2590
222

2580
223
 
E_
 
α
03B1
224
ß
00DF
225[lower-alpha 2]
Γ
0393
226
π
03C0
227[lower-alpha 3]
Σ
03A3
228[lower-alpha 4]
σ
03C3
229
µ
00B5
230[lower-alpha 5]
τ
03C4
231
Φ
03A6
232
Θ
0398
233
Ω
03A9
234[lower-alpha 6]
δ
03B4
235[lower-alpha 7]

221E
236
φ
03C6
237[lower-alpha 8]
ε
03B5
238[lower-alpha 9]

2229
239
 
F_
 

2261
240
±
00B1
241

2265
242

2264
243

2320
244

2321
245
÷
00F7
246

2248
247
°
00B0
248

2219
249
·
00B7
250

221A
251

207F
252
²
00B2
253

25A0
254
NBSP
00A0
255[lower-alpha 1]
_0 _1 _2 _3 _4 _5 _6 _7 _8 _9 _A _B _C _D _E _F

Notes

When translating to Unicode it should be noted that some codes do not have a unique, single Unicode equivalent; the correct choice may depend upon context.

  1. 1 2 3 0, 32 (20hex) and 255 (FFhex) all draw a blank space. The use of 255 for U+00A0 Non-breaking space (NBSP) has precedent in word processors designed for the IBM PC.
  2. 225 (E1hex) is both the German sharp S (U+00DF, ß) and the Greek lowercase beta (U+03B2, β).
  3. 227 (E3hex) is the Greek lowercase pi (U+03C0, π), but early fonts such as Terminal use a variant of pi that is ambiguous in case, and therefore can be used for the Greek capital pi (U+03A0, Π) or the n-ary product sign (U+220F, ∏).
  4. 228 (E4hex) is both the n-ary summation sign (U+2211, ∑) and the Greek uppercase sigma (U+03A3, Σ).
  5. 230 (E6hex) is both the micro sign (U+00B5, µ) and the Greek lowercase mu (U+03BC, μ).
  6. 234 (EAhex) is both the ohm sign (U+2126, Ω) and the Greek uppercase omega (U+03A9, Ω). (Unicode considers the ohm sign to be equivalent to uppercase omega, and suggests that the latter be used in both contexts.[6])
  7. 235 (EBhex) is the Greek lowercase delta (U+03B4, δ), but it has also been used as a surrogate for the Icelandic lowercase eth (U+00F0, ð) and the partial derivative sign (U+2202, ∂).
  8. 237 (EDhex) is supposed to be used as Greek lowercase phi, but is mainly used as the empty set sign (U+2205, ∅) and was also used as the Greek phi symbol in italics (U+03D5, ϕ) to name angles, diameter sign (U+2300, ⌀), and as a surrogate for the Latin lowercase O with stroke (U+00F8, ø).
  9. 238 (EEhex) is both the Greek lowercase epsilon (U+03B5, ε) and the element-of sign (U+2208, ∈). Later it was often used for the euro sign (U+20AC, €).

History

The repertoire of code page 437 was taken from the character set of Wang word-processing machines, according to Bill Gates in an interview with Gates and Paul Allen that appeared in the 2 October 1995 edition of Fortune Magazine:

"... We were also fascinated by dedicated word processors from Wang, because we believed that general-purpose machines could do that just as well. That's why, when it came time to design the keyboard for the IBM PC, we put the funny Wang character set into the machine—you know, smiley faces and boxes and triangles and stuff. We were thinking we'd like to do a clone of Wang word-processing software someday."

According to an interview with David J. Bradley (developer of the PC's ROM-BIOS) the characters were decided upon during a four-hour meeting on a plane trip from Seattle to Atlanta by Andy Saenz (responsible for the video card), Lew Eggebrecht (chief engineer for the PC) and himself.[7]

The selection of graphic characters has some internal logic:

Most fonts for Microsoft Windows include the special graphic characters at the Unicode indexes shown, as they are part of the WGL4 set that Microsoft encourages font designers to support. (The monospaced raster font family Terminal was an early font that replicated all code page 437 characters, at least at some resolutions.) To draw these characters directly from these code points, a Microsoft Windows font called MS Linedraw[9] replicates all of the code page 437 characters, thus providing one way to display DOS text on a modern Windows machine as it was shown in DOS, with limitations.[10]

Internationalization

Code page 437 has a series of international characters, mainly values 128 to 175 (80hex to AFhex). However, it lacks several characters important to many Western languages:

Along with the cent (¢), pound sterling (£) and yen/yuan (¥) currency symbols, it has a couple of former European currency symbols: the florin (ƒ, Netherlands) and the peseta (₧, Spain). The presence of the last is unusual, since the Spanish peseta was never an internationally relevant currency, and also never had a symbol of its own; it was simply abbreviated as "Pt", "Pta", "Pts", or "Ptas". Spanish models of the IBM electric typewriter, however, also had a single position devoted to it.

Later DOS character sets, such as code page 850 (DOS Latin-1), code page 852 (DOS Central-European) and code page 737 (DOS Greek), filled the gaps for international use with some compatibility with code page 437 by retaining the single and double box-drawing characters, while discarding the mixed ones (e.g. horizontal double/vertical single). All code page 437 characters have similar glyphs in Unicode and in Microsoft's WGL4 character set, and therefore are available in most fonts in Microsoft Windows, and also in the default VGA font of the Linux kernel, and the ISO 10646 fonts for X11.

See also

Notes

  1. Systems available in Eastern European, Arabic, and Asian countries often use a different set. The designation "OEM", for "original equipment manufacturer", indicates that the "native" hardware character set supplied in ROM could be changed by the manufacturer to meet different markets.

    References

    1. "OEM 437". Go Global Developer Center. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2011-09-22.
    2. 1 2 "OEM font". Encyclopedia. PCmag.com. Retrieved 2011-11-15.
    3. Kano, Nadine. "Appendix H Code Pages". Globalization and Localization : Code Page 437 DOS Latin US. Developing International Software. Microsoft. Archived from the original on 2016-03-17. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
    4. "SBCS code page information document CPGID 00437". Coded character sets and related resources: Code pages by CPGID. IBM. 1986 [1984-05-01]. Archived from the original on 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
    5. Steele, Shawn (1996-04-24). "cp437_DOSLatinUS to Unicode table" (TXT). 2.00. The Unicode Consortium. Archived from the original on 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2011-11-14.
    6. The Unicode Consortium (2003-05-21). "Chapter 7: European Alphabetic Scripts". The Unicode Standard 4.0 (PDF). Addison-Wesley (published August 2003). p. 176. ISBN 0-321-18578-1. Retrieved 2016-06-09.
    7. Edwards, Benj (2015-11-06) [2011]. "Origins of the ASCII Smiley Character: An Email Exchange With Dr. David Bradley". Archived from the original on 2016-11-27. Retrieved 2016-11-27. […] If you look at the first 32 characters in the IBM PC character set you'll see lots of whimsical characters — smiley face, musical notes, playing card suits and others. These were intended for character based games […] Since we were using 8-bit characters we had 128 new spots to fill. We put serious characters there — three columns of foreign characters, based on our Datamaster experience. Three columns of block graphic characters […] many customers with Monochrome Display Adapter would have no graphics at all. […] two columns had math symbols, greek letters (for math) and others […] about the first 32 characters (x00-x1F)? […] These characters originated with teletype transmission. But we could display them on the character based screens. So we added a set of "not serious" characters. They were intended as display only characters, not for transmission or storage. Their most probable use would be in character based games. […] As in most things for the IBM PC, the one year development schedule left little time for contemplation and revision. […] the character set was developed in a three person 4-hour meeting, and I was one of those on that plane from Seattle to Atlanta. There was some minor revision after that meeting, but there were many other things to design/fix/decide so that was about it. […] the other participants in that plane trip were Andy Saenz — responsible for the video card, and Lew Eggebrecht — the chief engineer for the PC.
    8. Wilton, Richard (December 1987). Programmer's Guide to PC & PS/2 Video Systems: Maximum Video Performance Form the EGA, VGA, HGC, and MCGA (1st ed.). Microsoft Press. ISBN 1-55615-103-9. ISBN 978-1-55615-103-3.
    9. Staff (2013). "MS LineDraw - Version 2.00". Microsoft typography. 2.00. Microsoft Corporation. Archived from the original on 2016-06-09. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
    10. Staff (2013-10-26). "WD97: MS LineDraw Font Not Usable in Word". Microsoft. 2.0. Microsoft. KB179422, Q179422. Archived from the original on 2016-06-08. Retrieved 2012-07-01.
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