Ali Hujwiri

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Abul Hassan Ali Ibn Usman al-Jullabi al-Hajveri al-Ghaznawi (ابوالحسن علی بن عثمان الجلابی الھجویری الغزنوی) or Abul Hassan Ali Hajvari (sometimes spelled Hajvari, Hajweri, Hajveri), also known as Daata Ganj Bakhsh (Persian/Punjabi: داتا گنج بخش, which means the master who bestows treasures) or Daata Sahib (Persian/Urdu: داتا صاحب), was a Persian Sufi and scholar in the 11th century. He significantly contributed to the spreading of Islam in South Asia.^[1]

He was born around 990 CE near Ghazni, present day Afghanistan, during the Ghaznavid Empire and died in Lahore (in present-day Punjab, Pakistan) in 1072 CE. His most famous work is Revelation of the Veiled (Kashf Al Mahjub) (کشفُ المحجوب), written in the Persian language. The work, which is one of the earliest and most respected treatises of Sufism, debates Sufi doctrines of the past.

Ali Hajvari is also famous for his mausoleum in Lahore, which is surrounded by a large marble courtyard, a mosque and other buildings. It is the most frequented of all the shrines in that city, and one of the most famous in Pakistan and nearby countries. His name is a household word, and his mausoleum the object of pilgrimage from distant places.^[2]

Background

Ali Hajvari is both al-Hasani and al-Husayni Sayyid. His father is al-Hasani Sayyid and his mother is al-Husayni. Abul Hassan Ali Hajvari was born in Ghazni (Hajvare area) where his family had settled and the members of which were passionate for devoutness and learning. He was known as Ali Al-Hajvari Al-Jullabi, Al-Ghazanwi because he lived for a long time in Hajvari and Jullab, the two suburbs (Mazafat) of the city of Ghazni located in present-day Afghanistan. In spite of Hazrat Ali bin Usman Al-Hajvari's popularity and deep reverence; coming across his life biography is very much tortuous. Much of his life history and thought came from his own authentic reference Revelation of the Veiled.^{[3] [4]}

Life

Ali Hajvari studied Sufism under Abu'l-Fadl Muhammad, who was a student of Abu 'l-Hasan al-Husri. Abu 'l-Fadl Muhammed bin al-Hasan was well-versed in tafsir and riwayat. Ali Hajvari traveled far and wide through the Indus River to the Caspian Sea. Among the countries and places which he visited were Adharbayajan, the tomb of Bayazid at Bistam, Damascus, Ramla, and Bayt al-Jinn in Syria. In Greater Khorasan alone he is reported to have met 300 Sufis.^[5] Al-Hajvari was associated with the most well-known Sufi orders in the subcontinent, such as the Qadiri, Suharwardi, Naqshbandi, and the Junaidi orders. Hajvari belonged to the Junaidia school of Sufism, founded by Junaid Baghdadi, a major Sufi saint of Baghdad. Hajvari is also viewed as an important intercessor for many Sufis. Moinuddin Chishti Ajmeri, a chief saint of the Chishti order, stated that an aspiring murid (disciple) one who does not (yet) have a murshid (spiritual master), should read Ali Hajvari's book Kashf al-Mahjub, as that would be (temporarily) enough for his spiritual guidance.^[6] He settled for some time in Iraq where he had a short experience with married life.

Al-Hajvari was a contemporary of al-Qushairi. During his travels, he met with many eminent Sufis, and saw and felt the slow transformation of Sufism from simple asceticism and adoration of God to a highly developed theosophical cult considerably influenced by pantheistic ideas. He is the link between mysticism as it developed in Persia and Khurasan, and the form it took in the Indian subcontinent.^[7]

Although a Sunni Hanafi, Hajvari's theology was reconciled with the concept of Sufi annihilation. However he seriously campaigned against the doctrine that human personalities can be merged with God, instead likening annihilation to burning by fire which allows the substance to acquire fire like properties while retaining its own individuality. He also was a great upholder of the Sharia and rebuffed the idea that outward observances of Islam are not important for Sufis. Hajvari believed that individuals should not claim to have attained "marifat" or gnosis because it meant that one was prideful, and that true understanding of God should be a silent understanding.

Ali-Hajvari is said to have died on the twentieth of the month of Rabi-ul-Awwal 465 H.E, but the date, the month and year are all conjectural. Most early writers agree on 455 H.E. as the year of his death, on the basis of the various chronograms. Though the actual date of his death was the 9th of Muharram and his Urs is on the 19th of Safar.^[8]

Respect of Sufis towards Ali Hajvari

Ali Hajvari was buried near the mosque which he had built during his lifetime. It has a been a practice of Sufi saints coming to South Asia to first visit the shrine of Ali Hajvari. Upon arriving in the subcontinent, Moinuddin Chishti first came to Lahore to pay his respects at Daata Ganj-Bakhsh's shrine, where he spent quite some time in meditation and prayer before attaining enlightenment. He was then directed to settle in Ajmer Sharif, and commence his spiritual mission to go further east and preach. Moinuddin Chishti paid homage to Ali Hajvari in the following words:^[9][10]

Ganj Bakhsh-e faiz-e aalam, mazhar-e nur-i Khuda
Naqisaan ra pir-e kaamil, kaamilaan ra rahnuma

گنج بخش فیضِ عالم مظہرِ نورِ خدا ناقصاں را پیرِ کامل، کاملاں را رہنما

Versified Translation By Hassan Ali Teepu Lahore, 2004.

Ganj Bakhash, a mercy for the world,
Phenomenon of the light of Lord

Imperfects found a perfect teacher,
In him perfects got a great leader

(May Allah be pleased with him.)

Translation:
Ganj Bakhsh is a manifestation of the Light of God for all people
A perfect guide unto the imperfect ones and a guide unto the perfect ones

Revelation of the Veiled

Revelation of the Veiled or Kashf ul Mahjoobis held in high esteem as the first important treatise on Sufism in Persian. The date of the completion of the book cannot be determined with any certainty. It must have taken Hajvari a long time to write it in Lahore without his personal collection of books. He was a prolific writer, perceptive and discriminating in his choice of topics. It was written in response to the request of one Abu Sa'eed Al-Hajvari who put the following questions to him: "Explain to me the true meaning of the Path of Sufism and the nature of the stations' (maqamat) of the Sufis, and explain their doctrines and sayings, and make clear to me their mystical allegories, and the nature of Divine Love and how it is manifested in human hearts, and why the intellect is unable to reach the essence thereof, and why the soul recoils from the reality thereof, and why the spirit is lulled in the purity thereof; and explain the practical aspect of Sufism which are connected with these theories."^[11][12] When Ali-Hajvari was asked what is Sufism? he replied, "In our times this science has been in reality obliterated, especially in this region, for people are all occupied with pleasure, and have turned away from satisfying [God].^[13]

Other works

Ali Hajvari wrote a few more books (which are mentioned in Revelation of the Veiled, and listed by Professor Nichlolas in his English translation), but he himself mentions that all of those were stolen by other people. Some people think that the magazine Kashf-ul-Israr is also written by him, but Hakeem Muhammad Mosa Amaratsari believes the content of that work does not match Ali Hajvari's erudition. Some of his works include the following:^[14]

~Minhaj-ud-Din, on the method of Sufism, and an account of the Ahl-l-Suffa and full biography of Mansur al-Hallaj;
~Asrar-ul-Khiraqq wa'l-ma'unat, on the patched frocks of the Sufis;
~Kitab-i-Fana-o-baqa, composed "in the vanity and rashness of youth", a work in explanation of the sayings of Mansur al-Hallaj
~Kitab-al-Bayan-li-ahl-al-iyan, on union with God;
~Bahr-ul-Qulub
~Al-Riayat li-huquq Allah, on Divine unity