High-dynamic-range video

High-dynamic-range video (HDR video) describes high dynamic range (HDR) video that is greater than standard dynamic range (SDR) video which uses a conventional gamma curve.[1] SDR video when using a conventional gamma curve and a bit depth of 8-bits per sample has a dynamic range of about 6 stops.[1] When HDR content is displayed on a 2,000 cd/m2 display with a bit depth of 10-bits per sample it has a dynamic range of 200,000:1 or 17.6 stops.[1]

Technology

Example of HDR time-lapse video

In February and April 1990, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the first real-time HDR camera combining two successively[2] or simultaneously[3] captured images.

In 1991 the first commercial video camera using consumer-grade sensors and cameras was introduced that performed real time capturing of multiple images with different exposures, and producing an HDR video image, by Hymatom, licensee of Georges Cornuéjols.

Also in 1991, Georges Cornuéjols introduced the principle of non linear image accumulation HDR+ to increase the camera sensitivity:[4] in low-light environments, several successive images are accumulated, increasing the signal to noise ratio.

Later, in the early 2000s, several scholarly research efforts used consumer-grade sensors and cameras.[5] A few companies such as RED and Arri have been developing digital sensors capable of a higher dynamic range.[6][7] RED EPIC-X can capture time-sequential HDRx[8] images with a user selectable 1–3 stops of additional highlight latitude in the "x" channel. The "x" channel can be merged with the normal channel in post production software. The Arri Alexa camera uses a dual gain architecture to generate an HDR image from two exposures captured at the same time.[9]

With the advent of low-cost consumer digital cameras, many amateurs began posting tone mapped HDR time-lapse videos on the Internet, essentially a sequence of still photographs in quick succession. In 2010 the independent studio Soviet Montage produced an example of HDR video from disparately exposed video streams using a beam splitter and consumer grade HD video cameras.[10] Similar methods have been described in the academic literature in 2001 and 2007.[11][12]

Modern movies have often been filmed with cameras featuring a higher dynamic range, and legacy movies can be upgraded even if manual intervention would be needed for some frames (as when old black-and-white films are upgraded to color). Also, special effects, especially those in which real and synthetic footage are seamlessly mixed, require both HDR shooting and rendering. HDR video is also needed in applications that demand high accuracy for capturing temporal aspects of changes in the scene. This is important in monitoring of some industrial processes such as welding, in predictive driver assistance systems in automotive industry, in surveillance video systems, and other applications. HDR video can be also considered to speed image acquisition in applications that need a large number of static HDR images are, for example in image-based methods in computer graphics.

OpenEXR was created in 1999 by Industrial Light and Magic (ILM) and released in 2003 as an open source software library.[13][14] OpenEXR is used for film and television production.[14]

In 2008 with the release of some TV sets with enhanced dynamic range, broadcasting HDR video may become important, but will depend on standardization issues. For this particular application, enhancing current SDR/LDR video signal to HDR by intelligent TV sets seems may be a viable near-term solution.[15] In 2016 TV sets were released that had support for HDR conversion of SDR video with company specific names such as Samsung's HDR+ and Technicolor SA's HDR Intelligent Tone Management.[16][17]

Academy Color Encoding System (ACES) was created by the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences and released in December 2014.[18] ACES is a complete workflow system that supports both HDR and wide color gamut (WCG).[18]

Video interfaces that support at least one HDR Format include HDMI 2.0a which was released on April 8, 2015 and DisplayPort 1.4 which was released on March 1, 2016.[19][20]

HDR10

On August 27, 2015, the Consumer Technology Association announced the HDR10 Media Profile, more commonly known as HDR10, which uses the Rec. 2020 color space, Perceptual Quantizer (PQ), and a bit depth of 10-bits.[21] HDR10 is an open standard supported by a wide variety of companies, which includes TV manufacturers such as LG, Samsung, Sharp, Sony, and Vizio,[22][23] as well as Microsoft and Sony Interactive Entertainment, which support HDR10 on their PlayStation 4 and Xbox One video game console platforms (the latter exclusive to the Xbox One S hardware revision released 2016).[24][25]

Dolby Vision

Owned by Dolby Laboratories, Dolby Vision is a competing HDR format that can be optionally supported on Ultra HD Blu-ray discs and from Streaming services.[26][27] Dolby Vision as a technology allows for a color depth of up to 12-bits, up to 10,000-nit brightness, and can reproduce color spaces up to the ITU-R Rec. 2020 and SMPTE ST-2084.[28] Examples of Ultra HD (UHD) TVs that support Dolby Vision include LG, TCL, and Vizio,[29] although their displays are only capable of 10-bit color and 800 to 1000 nits luminance.[30][31][32]

Hybrid Log-Gamma

Hybrid Log-Gamma is a HDR standard that was jointly developed by the BBC and NHK.[33] The HLG standard is royalty-free and is compatible with SDR displays.[33][34]

SL-HDR1

SL-HDR1 is a HDR standard that was jointly developed by STMicroelectronics, Philips International B.V., CableLabs, and Technicolor R&D France.[35] SL-HDR1 provides direct backwards compatibility by using metadata to reconstruct a HDR signal from a SDR video stream which can be delivered using SDR distribution networks and services already in place.[36] SL-HDR1 allows for HDR rendering on HDR devices and SDR rendering on SDR devices using a single layer video stream.[36] The HDR reconstruction metadata can be added either to HEVC or AVC using a supplemental enhancement information (SEI) message.[36]

History

On April 8th, 2015, The HDMI Forum released version 2.0a if the HDMI Specification to enable transmission of HDR. The Specification references CEA-861.3, which in turn references the Perceptual Quantizer (PQ) which was standardized as SMPTE ST 2084.[19] The previous HDMI 2.0 version already supported the Rec. 2020 color space.

On June 24, 2015, Amazon Video was the first streaming service to offer HDR video using HDR10 Media Profile video.[37][38]

On November 17, 2015, Vudu announced that they had started offering titles in Dolby Vision.[39]

On March 1, 2016, the Blu-ray Disc Association released Ultra HD Blu-ray with mandatory support for HDR10 Media Profile video and optional support for Dolby Vision.[26][27]

On April 9, 2016, Netflix started offering both HDR10 Media Profile video and Dolby Vision.[40]

On July 6, 2016, the International Telecommunication Union (ITU) announced Rec. 2100 that defines two HDR transfer functions which are HLG and PQ.[41][42]

On July 29, 2016, SKY Perfect JSAT Group announced that on October 4 they will start the world's first 4K HDR broadcasts using HLG.[43]

On September 9, 2016, Google announced Android TV 7.0 which supports Dolby Vision, HDR10, and HLG.[44][45]

On September 26, 2016, Roku announced that the Roku Premiere+ and Roku Ultra will support HDR using HDR10.[46]

On November 7, 2016, Google announced that Youtube will start streaming HDR videos.[47]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 T. Borer; A. Cotton. "A "Display Independent" High Dynamic Range Television System" (PDF). BBC. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
  2. ↑ "Device for increasing the dynamic range of a camera". espacenet.com.
  3. ↑ "Camera with very wide dynamic range".
  4. ↑ "Device for increasing the dynamic range of a camera". espacenet.com.
  5. ↑ Kang, Sing Bing; Uyttendaele, Matthew; Winder, Simon; Szeliski, Richard (2003). "ACM SIGGRAPH 2003 Papers – on SIGGRAPH '03". ch. High dynamic range video (pages 319–325). doi:10.1145/1201775.882270. ISBN 1-58113-709-5.
  6. ↑ https://www.red.com/
  7. ↑ http://www.arridigital.com
  8. ↑ Zimmerman, Steven (12 October 2016). "Sony IMX378: Comprehensive Breakdown of the Google Pixel's Sensor and its Features". XDA Developers. Retrieved 17 October 2016.
  9. ↑ "ARRI Group: ALEXA´s Sensor". www.arri.com. Retrieved 2016-07-02.
  10. ↑ "HDR video accomplished using dual 5D Mark IIs, is exactly what it sounds like". Engadget.
  11. ↑ "A Real Time High Dynamic Range Light Probe".
  12. ↑ McGuire, Morgan; Matusik, Wojciech; Pfister, Hanspeter; Chen, Billy; Hughes, John; Nayar, Shree (2007). "Optical Splitting Trees for High-Precision Monocular Imaging". IEEE Computer Graphics and Applications. 27 (2): 32–42. doi:10.1109/MCG.2007.45. PMID 17388201.
  13. ↑ "Industrial Light & Magic Releases Proprietary Extended Dynamic Range Image File Format OpenEXR to Open Source Community" (PDF) (Press release). 2003-01-22.
  14. 1 2 "Main OpenEXR web site".
  15. ↑ Karol Myszkowski; Rafal Mantiuk; Grzegorz Krawczyk (2008). High Dynamic Range Video (First ed.). Morgan & Claypool. p. 20. ISBN 978-1-59829-215-2.
  16. ↑ Steven Cohen (2016-07-27). "Samsung Releases HDR+ Firmware Update for 2016 SUHD TV Lineup". High-Def Digest. Retrieved 2016-08-07.
  17. ↑ Carolyn Giardina (2016-04-11). "NAB: Technicolor, Vubiquity to Unwrap HDR Up-Conversion and TV Distribution Service". The Hollywood Reporter. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
  18. 1 2 "ACES". Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
  19. 1 2 "HDMI 2.0a Spec Released, HDR Capability Added". Twice. April 8, 2015. Retrieved April 8, 2015.
  20. ↑ "VESA Updates Display Stream Compression Standard to Support New Applications and Richer Display Content". PRNewswire. 27 January 2016. Retrieved 29 January 2016.
  21. ↑ Rachel Cericola (2015-08-27). "What Makes a TV HDR-Compatible? The CEA Sets Guidelines". Big Picture Big Sound. Retrieved 2015-09-21.
  22. ↑ Adrienne Maxwell (2016-05-02). "Dolby Vision vs. HDR10: What You Need to Know". hometheaterreview.com. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
  23. ↑ David Katzmaier (2016-08-10). "Vizio upgrades TVs to work with both HDR formats (hands-on)". CNET. Retrieved 2016-08-10.
  24. ↑ "Sony will wake a sleeping HDR beast via firmware. What else hides in PS4?". Ars Technica. Retrieved 8 September 2016.
  25. ↑ "Forza Horizon 3 uses the Xbox One S high dynamic range tech". Eurogamer. Retrieved June 15, 2016.
  26. 1 2 Caleb Denison (2016-01-28). "Ultra HD Blu-ray arrives March 2016; here's everything we know". Digital Trends. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  27. 1 2 Michael S. Palmer (2016-02-10). "Hands On First Look: Samsung UBD-K8500 Ultra HD Blu-ray Player". High-Def Digest. Retrieved 2016-07-27.
  28. ↑ Dolby Laboratories. "Dolby Vision" (PDF). Retrieved 2016-08-24.
  29. ↑ HD Report (2016-04-19). "How To Stream 4k Ultra HD with High Dynamic Range (HDR)". hd-report.com. Retrieved 2016-08-23.
  30. ↑ "LG SUPER UHD 4K TV - 200Hz HDR with Dolby Vision in 55 inch and 65 inch sizes. UH950T Series.". www.lg.com. Retrieved 2016-10-30.
  31. ↑ "Bargain brand TCL launches high-end TV with Dolby Vision HDR". CNET. Retrieved 2016-10-30.
  32. ↑ "Check out this VIZIO Reference Series 65" Class Ultra HD Full‑Array LED Smart TV". VIZIO. Retrieved 2016-10-30.
  33. 1 2 "High Dynamic Range" (PDF). European Broadcasting Union. Retrieved 2015-11-01.
  34. ↑ "High Dynamic Range with Hybrid Log-Gamma" (PDF). BBC. Retrieved 2015-11-08.
  35. ↑ "High-Performance Single Layer Directly Standard Dynamic Range (SDR) Compatible High Dynamic Range (HDR) System for use in Consumer Electronics devices (SL-HDR1)". ETSI. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
  36. 1 2 3 "ETSI Technical Specification TS 103 433 V1.1.1" (PDF). ETSI. 2016-08-03. Retrieved 2016-11-02.
  37. ↑ John Archer (2015-06-24). "Amazon Grabs Key Tech Advantage Over Netflix With World's First HDR Streaming Service". Forbes. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
  38. ↑ Kris Wouk (2015-06-24). "Amazon brings Dolby Vision TVs into the HDR fold with short list of titles". Digital Trends. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
  39. ↑ "Dolby and VUDU launch the future home theater experience with immersive sound and advanced imaging". Business Wire. 2015-11-17. Retrieved 2016-07-29.
  40. ↑ Rasmus Larsen (2016-04-09). "Netflix is now streaming in HDR / Dolby Vision". Digital Trends. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
  41. ↑ "BT.2100 : Image parameter values for high dynamic range television for use in production and international programme exchange". International Telecommunication Union. 2016-07-04. Retrieved 2016-07-04.
  42. ↑ "ITU announces BT.2100 HDR TV standard". Rasmus Larsen. 2016-07-05. Retrieved 2016-07-26.
  43. ↑ Colin Mann (2016-07-29). "4K HDR from SKY Perfect JSAT". Advanced Television. Retrieved 2016-07-30.
  44. ↑ "HDR Video Playback". Android. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  45. ↑ Ramus Larsen (2016-09-07). "Android TV 7.0 supports Dolby Vision, HDR10 and HLG". flatpanelshd. Retrieved 2016-09-23.
  46. ↑ David Katzmaier (2016-09-26). "Roku unveils five new streaming boxes with prices as low as $30". CNET. Retrieved 2016-09-26.
  47. ↑ https://youtube.googleblog.com/2016/11/true-colors-adding-support-for-hdr.html
This article is issued from Wikipedia - version of the 12/1/2016. The text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution/Share Alike but additional terms may apply for the media files.