Helon

Helon is a surname, the name of an ancient Scythian culture,[1] a language, a Christian, geographical and botanical name of biblical,[2] Hebrew[3] and Greek origin.

Etymology

Pronounced /'hɛə'loɴ/ and phonetically spelt khay-lone', the name is derived from the Hebrew: He, Lamed, Nun Sofit.

Fragment from Codex Gigas (the Giant Book, or Devil's Bible); circa 13th century - approximately 300 years before the King James Bible; Old Testament, Genesis 46:14; enumerating the children of Zebulon.
Fragment from Codex Gigas (the Giant Book, or Devil's Bible); circa 13th century - approximately 300 years before the King James Bible; Old Testament, Numbers 26:26; enumerating the children of Zebulon.

Transliterated as: Chelon, Chêlôn, Khay-lone',[4] האֵלן ,הלן, or האֵלנ in Hebrew; Gehlen, Gelen, Gelin, or Гелен in Russian; Gelon, or Гелон in Ukrainian; Gelon, or Γέλων in Greek; Helan in Czech; Helon in English and Latin. Common spelling in the Polish language (since the 15th century)[5] is Helon, but the name can also be rendered as Chelon; the ‘C’ being silent.

Spelling of the name Helon is often confused with and rendered Helen, Helin, or Elon.

The progenitor of the name was Helon, the second son of Zebulon ben (of) Jacob, Prince of the Tribe of Zebulon.

In keeping with the seafaring occupation and inherent traditions of the Tribe of Zebulon,[6] the name Helon, its usages and derivatives are synonymous with traits indicative of water.

Name
Zebulon
Helon
Eliab
(C)Helonian
Helonias
Aquatic Trait
Sea
Sand
Ship
Turtle
Swamp Lily

The earliest known written references to the name Helon as rendered in its current and correct Latin form are contained in various Latin Codexes, including the Codex Gigas (the Great Book, or Devil's Bible); the world's largest and most complete bible manuscript which predates the King James Bible by approximately 300 years and the Gutenberg Bible by approximately 150 years.

Since publication of the King James Bible of 1611, the name Helon as it appears in historical and contemporary bibles, concordances and biblical commentaries has been perpetually corrupted and rendered as Elon (phonetically spelt ay-lone').

Elon (sometimes Elom, as referenced in the Gutenberg Bible, or Helom)[7] was the name of the Hittite father of Basemath (who was also called Adah), the second wife of Esau ben Isaac.[8]

Dr James Strong (1890) who based his Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible on the King James (KJV) rendering, defined Elon (transliterated as ay-lone', ay-lone', ay-lone', or אֵילוֹן in Hebrew) as an oak-grove, terebinth, or mighty - derived from the Hebrew 'ayil, or איל; strength, an oak, strong tree, or anything strong - meanings which are inconsistent with the characteristic traits of the seafaring occupation of the Tribe of Zebulon which are indicative of water.

Elsewhere unknown as a Zebulonite name by definition, the misnomer Elon has continually been applied erroneously by subsequent biblical and theologian commentators and included as a matter of course into those bibles published post 1611; where in its place should be the correct rendering Helon.

According to McNair (2012):

During the time of the Hebrew Patriarchs, it was customary to always name an individual with an appellation commensurate with another person, event or feature of significance. There are hardly any examples in the Hebrew Scriptures of an individual receiving a name without some importance attached to it.[9]
Clan Helon ben Zebulon motif as appearing on the headstone of Z.A. Helon: Toowoomba; features the rendering of the name in its traditional Hebrew form.

In his treatise The Wisdom of the Hebrew Alphabet, Rabbi Munk[10] imparts the sacred Kabbalistic meanings of the letters of the Hebrew Aleph-Beis as embraced in the name הלן (Helon):

Hebrew Letter
English Letter
Standard Israeli Pronunciation
Sacred Meaning
(Gematria) Numerical Value
ה
H
he
divinity, gentility and specificity[11]
5
ל
L
'lamed
teaching and purpose[12]
30
ן
N
nun sofit
faithfullness, soul and emergence[13]
50

Said Rabbi Munk of the missing letter ה (He), the symbol of divinity, gentility and specificity:[14]

One missing letter is a painful outcry for the lost glory of the First Temple![15]

According to the Talmudist Rabbi Louis Ginzberg (1873-1953):

Corresponding to the occupation of the tribe of Zebulun ("who shall settle at the shore of the sea; he shall be a haven for ships, and his border shall be at Sī'don", Gen 49:13)[16] its prince was called Eliab, “the ship,” son of Helon, “the sand,” for this tribe spent its life on ships, seeking “treasures hidden in the sand.”[17]

In the Polish language, it means ‘żołw’,[18] a turtle of the order Chelonians.[19]

The British Methodist Theologian and Commentator Dr Adam Clark (circa 1760-1832) verbalized during his sermon “The Doctrine of Endless Misery not Taught in the Bible” that:

The word hell comes from the Anglo-Saxon helon, to cover or hide; hence the tiling or slating of a house is called, in some parts of England, heling, to this day; and the covers of books (in Lancashire) by the same name.[20]

Cyrus Alvin Potts (1922) defined Helon:

Valde strenus – Very persevering, or brave; strong.[21]

Past Worshipful Master and Masonic historian Harry Mendoza (1989) designated Helon to mean:

God is father. Strong.[22]

George K. Barr (1990) citing Numbers 1:9 and 2:7 delineates Helon to mean:

Their army, fortress.[23]

Helon in the Bible

Helon ben akhar ben (a direct descendant of) Zebulon judged Israel for 10 years (circa 1083-1073 B.C.). Fragment from Historical Chronology of the Deeds of all Patriarchs, Leaders, Judges, Kings, and Priests of the Hebrew People: Rome; 1751; p. 318.

The first century Romano-Jewish historian Josephus wrote:

‘Zabulon had with him three sons – Sarad, Helon, Jalel.’[24]

Helon was the second son of Zebulon, ben (or son of) Jacob: Genesis 46:14 and Numbers 26:26. Also a Prince, and the father of Eliab who assisted Moses and Aaron in numbering the children of Israel in the wilderness of Sinai (circa 1461 B.C.):[25] Numbers 1:9, 2:7, 7:24-29, 10:16.

Helon ben akhar ben (a direct descendant of) Zebulon judged Israel for 10 years (circa 1083-1073 B.C.)[26] during the lawless period of Israel's history between the invasion of Canaan and the establishment of the monarchy:[27] Judges 12:11-12.[28]

Kettel (1847),[29] Willson (1860),[30] Willis (1867)[31] and Davis (1903)[32] have proposed that Helon was the name of the leper cleansed in Capernaum by Jesus as narrated by the Evangelists Matthew 8:1-4, Mark 1:40-45 and Luke 5:12-16.

Bradley (1908)[33] wrote of a Rabbi Helon who was the procurer of the ass that Jesus rode during his triumphal entry into Jerusalem.

Genesis / Bereishith / בְּרֵאשִׁית ~ In the Beginning

Genesis 36:2 - Adah: The Wife of Esau

Codex Gigas[34] English Translation
Esau took his wives from the Canaanites: Adah the daughter of Helom the Hittite, and Oholibamah daughter of Anahson of Sebeon, the Hevite.

Genesis 46:14 - Helon: The Son of Zebulon (see also Numbers 26:26)

Codex Gigas[35] English Translation
The sons of Zebulon: Sered, Helon and Jahleel.

Numbers / Bamidbar / במדבר ~ In the Wilderness

Numbers 26:26 - Helon: The Son of Zebulon and progenitor of the Helonite Clan (see also Genesis 46:14)

Codex Gigas[36] English Translation
The descendants of Zebulon by their families: of Sered, the family of the Seredites; of Helon, the family of the Helonites; of Jahleel, the family of the Jahleelites.

Numbers 1:9 - Helon: The First Census in the Sinai Wilderness

Codex Gigas[37] English Translation
Of Zebulon, Eliab the son of Helon.

Numbers 2:7 - Helon: The Camp Arrangement of the Tribes of Israel

Codex Gigas[38] English Translation
For the tribe of Zebulon the prince Eliab son of Helon

Numbers 7:24 & 29 - Helon: Offerings of the Tribes of Israel


Codex Gigas[39] English Translation
On the third day the prince for the sons of Zebulon, Eliab the son of Helon
and for the sacrifice of well-being, two oxen, five rams, five male goats, and five male lambs a year old. This was the offering of Eliab son of Helon.

Numbers 10:16 - Helon: The Israelites Prepare to Break Camp


Codex Gigas[40] English Translation
For the tribe of Zebulon was the prince Eliab son of Helon.

Judges / Shoftim / שׁוֹפְטִים ~ Judges

Judges 12:11-12 - Helon The Judge of Israel (circa 1083-1073 B.C.)[41]

Codex Gigas[42] English Translation
After him Helon the Zebulonite judged Israel ten years. Then Helon the Zebulunite died, and was buried at Aijalon in the land of Zebulun

Noncanonical Biblical texts

In his book Helon's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem: A Picture of Judaism in the Century which Preceded the Advent of Our Saviour (1824), the German novelist and Judaic writer Gerhard 'Friedrich' Abraham Strauss (1786-1863) wrote:

Joppa is where the keeper of the genealogical register of the (Helon family) dwelt.[43] but he was gone to Ziklag.[44] Arriving in Ziklag the genealogist showed the pedigree of his family to Helon.[45] Helon had been found to be of pure descent.[46]

Kettel (1847) describes Helon as a Rabbi of high birth and a Member of the Sanhedrin who was present at the questioning of a man who calls himself Christ.[47] Helon became a leper.[48] He had a wife named Sarai (p. 251), a son Benaiah the younger (p. 349) and a daughter Miriam (pp. 353–354).

In an allegory penned in 1863, the author I.E.P. alludes to the leper Helon, then resident in a pleasant village in one of the western counties of England,[49] as being a captive and wandering jew.

English novelist and Judaic writer Grace Aguilar wrote in her short composition Helon: A Fragment of Jewish History (1902)[50] describing Helon as a Jewish minstrel living near the Rhine river at the start of Spring, close to the end of the eleventh century.

In Jesus of Nazareth: A Life (Bradley, 1908), Helon is described as:

A Rabbi and Zealot from Babylonia.[51] He was a Scribe in his own country, one of the very few of his class who had anywhere joined the Zealots; and with all the trained subtlety and acumen of the accomplished lawyer that he was, he presented to Jesus the claims of the Zealots.[52] Helon had procured an ass and foal, and had them at the turn of the road where Jerusalem in all its glory first comes in view;[53] the ass that Jesus would ride on Palm Sunday.

In the chapter Mary and Helon,[54] Helon is characterised as:

Artful and .. with little faith in Jesus, (Helon) would glady have discarded him altogether.[55] Helon tried to manipulate Mary of Magdala to bribe Jesus to initiate a physical uprising.

Geographical associations

Panoramic view showing the reconstruction of the once fortified ramparts surrounding the ancient Scythian capital city of Helon at Belsk: Kotelva district, Poltava, Ukraine.
HELON Town: Bhamo District, Kachin State, Burma [Myanmar]. Geographical Coordinates: Lat. 24° 20' 0"N X Long. 97° 17' 0"E. Source: Map BHAMO 1: 250 000. Reference: Series U542, Sheet NG 47.13, Edition 1-AMS [First Printing 4-58]. United States Army Map Service.

Helon is also the name of a Ukrainian beer brewed in Poltava by the PAT Firm Poltavpivo (ПАТ Фірма Полтавпиво). The Helon branded beer features, most significantly, a golden Scythian stag couchant which is consistent with the assertion of the American professor of history, political science, and Chair of Ukrainian Studies at the University of Toronto Paul Magocsi,[56] et al.[57][58] that Helons were Scythians:

The Scythians themselves also established fortified centers to coordinate their trade. [One of the] largest of these [was] Helon/Bil'sk.[59]

Vasyl Yakovych Schevchuk, Doctor of Economic Sciences, Professor, President of the International Dnipro (Black Sea) Fund, and Minister of the Environment and Natural Resources of Ukraine (et al.) wrote in 2005 that:

On the territory of Belske, in an ancient town (Poltava Oblast), which was the location of the legendary capital of the forest-steppe Scythian Helon tribes depicted by Herodotus, some relics have been found - an antique ring made by an Ionian craftsman, as well Phoenician perfumes (sic) phials.[60]

The Gelonians (or Geloni), also known as Helonians (or Heloni), whom could plausibly be the (Lat.) Helonitarum (Helonites) of Numbers 26:26, are mentioned as a nation in northwestern Scythia by Herodotus who stated that:

The Gelonians are actually Greek in their origins, descended from Hellenes who moved from their trading posts and settled among the Boudinoi. Their language is part Scythian, part Greek. There is a city among them called Gelonos (Her. IV, 108).[61]

According to Schevchuk, et al.:

The lands along the Dnipro are saturated with the spirit of numerous civilisations that succeeded one another from the East as well as the West. Contemporary factual research will be of primary importance in determining the spiritual identity of the Indo-European cultural settlements, as well as the mysterious relationship between the Slavonic, Hindu, and Greek cultures. It will solve the riddle of the Scythian Hellenes, the mystery of the Helons of the Dnipro lands and their Dionysian cult, as well as other manifestations of Greek myths and rituals of unknown origin.[62]

The timber-walled Scythian city of Helon is currently being reconstructed at (Більське городище) Belskoye (Belsk/Bil'sk), Kotelva district, Poltava, Ukraine (latitude 50° 05´N X longitude 34°38´E).

Helon is also the name of a town in Bhamo District, Momauk, Kachin State, Burma (latitude 24° 20' 0"N X longitude 97° 17' 0"E.) at altitude 102 metres (337 feet) above sea level.

Botany

Swamp Pink Lilly, or Bog Candle; genus Helonias Bullata Linnaeus

In keeping with traits indicative of water, the name Helon has been used as the derivation of some botanical genera including the hardy perennial Helonias bullata Linnaeus (the Swamp Pink Lily, or Bog Candle), of the Liliaceae family, and the perennial Heloniopsis Orientalis (the Oriental Swamp Pink Lily herb) of the family Liliaceae-Melanthiaceae.

People with the name Helon

Surname:

Christian Name:

References

  1. ↑ Schevchuk, Vasyl Yakovych; et al. (2005). Preserving the Dnipro River: Harmony, History and Rehabilitation. Ontario: Mosaic Press. pp. 115–116. ISBN 0-88962-827-0.
  2. ↑ Strong, James (2011). Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Inc. p. 1498. ISBN 978-1-59856-378-8.
  3. ↑ Strong, James (2011). Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Inc. p. 1498. ISBN 978-1-59856-378-8.
  4. ↑ Strong, James (2011). Strong's Exhaustive Concordance of the Bible. Massachusetts: Hendrickson Publishers Inc. p. 1498. ISBN 978-1-59856-378-8.
  5. ↑ Malecki, Antoni (1871). Biblia Krolowej Zofii, Zony Jagielly: z Kodexu Szaroszpatackiego. Lwow: Ossolinskich. p. 119. ISBN 9-781142-310707.
  6. ↑ The New Interpreter's Study Bible. Nashville: Abingdon Press. 2003. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-687-27832-9.
  7. ↑ Recluse?, Herman the (2007). The Codex Gigas (or Devil's Bible). Stockholm: National Library of Sweden/Kungliga Biblioteket. p. Folio 5r.
  8. ↑ Lockyer, Herbert Sr.; et al. (1986). Illustrated Dictionary of the Bible. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. p. 137. ISBN 0-7852-5051-4.
  9. ↑ McNair, Raymond F. (2012). Key to Northwest European Origins. Bloomington: Authorhouse. p. 62. ISBN 9781468545999.
  10. ↑ Munk, Rabbi Michael L. (2007). The Wisdom in the Hebrew Alphabet: The Sacred Letters as a Guide to Jewish Deed and Thought. New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. ISBN 0-89906-193-1.
  11. ↑ Munk, Rabbi Michael L. (2007). The Wisdom in the Hebrew Alphabet: The Sacred Letters as a Guide to Jewish Deed and Thought. New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. pp. 85–93. ISBN 0-89906-193-1.
  12. ↑ Munk, Rabbi Michael L. (2007). The Wisdom in the Hebrew Alphabet: The Sacred Letters as a Guide to Jewish Deed and Thought. New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. pp. 138–142. ISBN 0-89906-193-1.
  13. ↑ Munk, Rabbi Michael L. (2007). The Wisdom in the Hebrew Alphabet: The Sacred Letters as a Guide to Jewish Deed and Thought. New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. pp. 151–158. ISBN 0-89906-193-1.
  14. ↑ Munk, Rabbi Michael L. (2007). The Wisdom in the Hebrew Alphabet: The Sacred Letters as a Guide to Jewish Deed and Thought. New York: Mesorah Publications, Ltd. p. 85. ISBN 0-89906-193-1.
  15. ↑ Munk, Rabbi Michael L. (2007). The Wisdom in the Hebrew Alphabet: The Sacred Letters as a Guide to Jewish Deed and Thought. New York: Mesorah Publications Ltd. p. 89. ISBN 0-89906-193-1.
  16. ↑ The New Interpreter's Study Bible. Nashville: Abingdon Press. 2003. p. 82. ISBN 978-0-687-27832-9.
  17. ↑ Ginzberg, Louis (1911). The Legends of the Jews. Philadelphia: The Jewish Publication Society. p. 221; vol. 3. ISBN 0-8018-5892-5.
  18. ↑ Stanislawski, Jan (1982). Wielki Slownik Polsko-Angielski/The Great Polish-English Dictionary. Warsaw: Wiedza Powszechna State Publishing House. p. 773; Vol. 2. ISBN 83-214-0107-4.
  19. ↑ Taylor, Barbara (2004). Nature Watch: Turtles and Tortoises. London: Lorenz Books. p. 4. ISBN 0-7548-1349-5.
  20. ↑ Skinner, Otis Ainsworth (1842). A Series of Sermons in Defence of the Doctrine of Universal Salvation: Sermon V - The Doctrine of Endless Misery Not Taught in the Bible. Boston: Abel Tompkins. p. 85. ISBN 9-781103-845576.
  21. ↑ Potts, Cyrus Alvin (1922). Dictionary of Bible Proper Names: Every Proper Name in the Old and New Testaments Arranged in Alphabetical Oder; Syllabified and Accented; Vowel Sounds Diacritically Marked; Definitions Given in Latin and English. New York: The Abingdon Press. p. 110. ISBN 9-780548-273050.
  22. ↑ Mendoza, Harry (1989). The Ensigns of the Twelve Tribes of Israel: The Royal Arch Banners. Shepperton: Lewis Masonic. p. 71. ISBN 0-85318-161-6.
  23. ↑ Barr, George K (1990). Who's Who in the Bible. New York: Jonathan David Publishers, Inc. p. 68. ISBN 9780824601799.
  24. ↑ Whiston, William (1998). Josephus: The Complete Works. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. p. 75. ISBN 0-7852-5049-2.
  25. ↑ Reese, Edward (1977). The Reese Chronological Bible. Minnesota: Bethany House Publishers. p. 239. ISBN 978-0-87123-115-4.
  26. ↑ Reese, Edward (1977). The Reese Chronological Bible. Minnesota: Bethany House Publishers. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-87123-115-4.
  27. ↑ Good News Bible. Minto: The Bible Society in Australia Inc. 2000. p. 260. ISBN 0-647-50571-1.
  28. ↑ Whiston, William (1998). Josephus: The Complete Works. Nashville: Thomas Nelson Publishers. p. 172. ISBN 0-7852-5049-2.
  29. ↑ Kettell, Thomas Prentice (1847). The United States Democratic Review: Vol. 20. New York: Pudney & Russell. pp. 154–160, 246–253, 348–354. ISBN 9-781142-872526.
  30. ↑ Willson, Marcius (1860). The Fourth Reader of the School and Family Series. New York: Harper &Brothers Publishers. pp. 353–355. ISBN 9-781145-879522.
  31. ↑ Willis, Nathaniel Parker (1867). The Poetical Works of N.P. Willis. London: George Routledge and Co. pp. 5–9. ISBN 9-781103-280490.
  32. ↑ Davis, Noah Knowles (1903). The Story of the Nazarene in Annotated Paraphrase. London: Fleming H. Revell Company. pp. 147–151. ISBN 9-781437-416442.
  33. ↑ Bradley, Samuel Carlyle (1908). Jesus of Nazareth: A Life. Boston: Sherman, French & Company. p. 449. ISBN 9-781117-622279.
  34. ↑ Recluse?, Herman the (2007). The Codex Gigas (or Devil's Bible). Stockholm: National Library of Sweden/Kungliga Biblioteket. p. Folio 5r.
  35. ↑ Recluse?, Herman the (2007). The Codex Gigas (or Devil's Bible). Stockholm: National Library of Sweden/Kungliga Biblioteket. p. Folio 6v.
  36. ↑ Recluse?, Herman the (2007). Numbers: The Codex Gigas (or Devil's Bible). Stockholm: National Library of Sweden / Kungliga Biblioteket. p. Folio 18r.
  37. ↑ Recluse?, Herman the (2007). Numbers: The Codex Gigas (or Devil's Bible). Stockholm: National Library of Sweden / Kungliga Biblioteket. p. Folio 15r.
  38. ↑ Recluse?, Herman the (2007). Numbers: The Codex Gigas (or Devil's Bible). Stockholm: National Library of Sweden / Kungliga Biblioteket. p. Folio 15r.
  39. ↑ Recluse?, Herman the (2007). Numbers: The Codex Gigas (or Devil's Bible). Stockholm: National Library of Sweden / Kungliga Biblioteket. p. Folio 16r.
  40. ↑ Recluse?, Herman the (2007). Numbers: The Codex Gigas (or Devil's Bible). Stockholm: National Library of Sweden / Kungliga Biblioteket. p. Folio 16r.
  41. ↑ Reese, Edward (1977). The Reese Chronological Bible. Minnesota: Bethany House Publishers. p. 428. ISBN 978-0-87123-115-4.
  42. ↑ Recluse?, Herman the (2007). Judges: The Codex Gigas (or Devil's Bible). Stockholm: National Library of Sweden / Kungliga Biblioteket. p. Folio 29r.
  43. ↑ Strauss, Friedrich (1824). Helon's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. A Picture of Judaism in the Century which Preceded the Advent of Our Saviour, Vol. 2. London: J. Mawman. p. 17.
  44. ↑ Strauss, Friedrich (1824). Helon's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. A Picture of Judaism in the Century which Preceded the Advent of Our Saviour, Vol. 2. London: J. Mawman. p. 37.
  45. ↑ Strauss, Friedrich (1824). Helon's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. A Picture of Judaism in the Century which Preceded the Advent of Our Saviour, Vol. 2. London: J. Mawman. p. 47.
  46. ↑ Strauss, Friedrich (1824). Helon's Pilgrimage to Jerusalem. A Picture of Judaism in the Century which Preceded the Advent of Our Saviour, Vol. 2. London: J. Mawman. p. 82.
  47. ↑ Kettell, Thomas Prentice, ed. (1847). The United States Democratic Review: Vol. 20. New York: Pudney & Russell. p. 158. ISBN 9-781142-872526.
  48. ↑ Kettell, Thomas Prentice, ed. (1847). The United States Democratic Review: Vol. 20. New York: Pudney & Russell. p. 250. ISBN 9-781142-872526.
  49. ↑ I.E.P. (1863). The Captive Set Free: An Allegory. London: John Mason. p. 9. ISBN 9-780554-719856.
  50. ↑ Aguilar, Grace (1902). The Vale of Cedars & Other Tales. London: J.M. Dent & Co. p. 388. ISBN 9780548018460.
  51. ↑ Bradley, Samuel Carlyle (1908). Jesus of Nazareth: A Life. Boston: Sherman, French & Company. p. 293. ISBN 9-781117-622279.
  52. ↑ Bradley, Samuel Carlyle (1908). Jesus of Nazareth: A Life. Boston: Sherman, French & Company. p. 294. ISBN 9-781117-622279.
  53. ↑ Bradley, Samuel Carlyle (1908). Jesus of Nazareth: A Life. Boston: Sherman, French & Company. p. 449. ISBN 9-781117-622279.
  54. ↑ Bradley, Samuel Carlyle (1908). Jesus of Nazareth: A Life. Boston: Sherman, French & Company. pp. 486–490. ISBN 9-781117-622279.
  55. ↑ Bradley, Samuel Carlyle (1908). Jesus of Nazareth: A Life. Boston: Sherman, French & Company. p. 487. ISBN 9-781117-622279.
  56. ↑ Magocsi, Paul Robert (2007). Ukraine: An Illustrated History. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-295-98723-1.
  57. ↑ Schevchuk, Vasyl Yakovych; et al. (2005). Preserving the Dnipro River: Harmony, History and Rehabilitation. Ontario: Mosaic Press. pp. 29, 34, 38, 48–49, 116. ISBN 0-88962-827-0.
  58. ↑ Strassler, Robert B. (2007). The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 326. ISBN 9780375421099.
  59. ↑ Magocsi, Paul Robert (2007). Ukraine: An Illustrated History. Seattle: University of Washington Press. p. 15. ISBN 978-0-295-98723-1.
  60. ↑ Schevchuk, Vasyl Yakovych; et al. (2005). Preserving the Dnipro River: Harmony, History and Rehabilitation. Ontario: Mosaic Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-88962-827-0.
  61. ↑ Strassler, Robert B. (2007). The Landmark Herodotus: The Histories. New York: Pantheon Books. p. 326. ISBN 9780375421099.
  62. ↑ Schevchuk, Vasyl Yakovych; et al. (2005). Preserving the Dnipro River: Harmony, History and Rehabilitation. Ontario: Mosaic Press. p. 29. ISBN 0-88962-827-0.
  63. ↑ Pollock & Griffiths, Michael & Mark (2005). Royal Horticultural Society Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 371. ISBN 1-4053-0760-9.
  64. ↑ Pollock & Griffiths, Michael & Mark (2005). Royal Horticultural Society Illustrated Dictionary of Gardening. London: Dorling Kindersley. p. 372. ISBN 1-4053-0760-9.
  65. ↑ Arnold, John; et al. (2004). The Bibliography of Australian Literature: F-J. St Lucia: University of Queensland Press. p. 401. ISBN 0-7022-3500-8.

Further reading

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