Health professional shortage area

Health Professional Shortage Areas (HSPAs) are designations used in the United States that indicate health care provider shortages in primary care, dental health or mental health. These shortages may be geographic, population, or facility-based. Geographic areas are based on a shortage of providers for the entire population within a defined geographic area. Population groups are based on a shortage of providers for a specific population group(s) within a defined geographic area (e.g., low income, migrant farmworkers, and other groups).

The primary factor used to determine a HPSA designation is the number of health professionals relative to the population with consideration of high need. Federal regulations stipulate that, in order to be considered as having a shortage of providers, an area must have a population-to-provider ratio of a certain threshold. For primary medical care, the population to provider ratio must be at least 3,500 to 1 (3,000 to 1 if there are unusually high needs in the community).^[1]

Aside from Auto HPSAs and HPSAs for federal correctional facilities, state Primary Care Offices (PCOs) must submit applications to designate all HPSAs. HRSA reviews these applications to determine if they meet the eligibility criteria for designation. The main eligibility criterion is that the proposed designation meets a threshold ratio for population to providers. Once designated, HRSA scores HPSAs on a scale of 0-25 for primary care and mental health, and 0-26 for dental health, with higher scores indicating greater need.

Facilities include a number of different characteristics and designations. Examples include: ^[2][3]

· Other Facility (OFAC)—public or non-profit private medical facilities serving a population or geographic area designated as a HPSA with a shortage of health providers

· Correctional Facility—medium to maximum security federal and state correctional institutions and youth detention facilities with a shortage of health providers

· State Mental Hospitals—state or county hospitals with a shortage of psychiatric professionals (mental health designations only)

· Automatic Facility HPSAs (Auto HPSAs)—a facility that is automatically designated as a HPSA by statute or through regulation without having to apply for a designation:

o Federally Qualified Health Centers (FQHCs)—health centers that provide primary care to an underserved area or population, offer a sliding fee scale, provide comprehensive services, have an ongoing quality assurance program, and have a governing board of directors. All organizations receiving grants under Health Center Program Section 330 of the Public Health Service Act are FQHCs. Find additional information and requirements from the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (CMS).

o FQHC Look-A-Likes (LALs)—LALS are community-based health care providers that meet the requirements of the HRSA Health Center Program, but do not receive Health Center Program funding.

o Indian Health Facilities—Federal Indian Health Service (IHS), Tribally-run, and Urban Indian health clinics that provide medical services to members of federally recognized Tribes and Alaska Natives.

o Dual-funded Community Health Centers/Tribal Clinics—health centers that receive funding from Tribal entities and HRSA to provide medical services to members of federally recognized Tribes and Alaska Natives.

o CMS-Certified Rural Health Clinics (RHCs) that meet National Health Service Corps (NHSC) site requirements—outpatient clinics located in non-urbanized areas that are certified as RHCs by CMS and meet NHSC Site requirements including accepting Medicaid, CHIP, and providing services on a sliding fee scale.

Designation Process

State Primary Care Offices (PCOs) submit applications to HRSA for most shortage designations in their state. PCOs are the primary state contact for our Shortage Designation Branch (SDB). And they have access to the online Shortage Designation Management System (SDMS) application and review system. PCOs use SDMS to manage health workforce data for their states and apply for HPSAs and Medically Underserved Areas/populations (MUAs/Ps). HRSA uses SDMS to review shortage designation applications, communicate with the PCOs on specific applications, and make final shortage designation determinations. HRSA bases SDMS business rules on shortage designation’s governing statutes and regulations, as well as our own policies and procedures of our Division of Policy and Shortage Designation (DPSD).

The SDMS Determine Eligibility and Scoring by using standard national data sets, including: National Provider Identifier (NPI) for provider data, environmental System Research Institute (ESRI) for mapping data, census for demographic data, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) National Vital Statistics for health related data.

HRSA relies on state PCOs to verify and supplement the NPI data by adding provider-level data points required for shortage designation purposes. These data points include whether or not the provider is actively engaged in clinical practice, additional provider practice locations, hours worked at each location, populations served, and the amount of time a provider spends serving specific populations

Depending on the type of designation requested, PCOs may also need to provide additional health and demographic data for which standard national data sets with the sensitivity and specificity required for shortage designation do not currently exist.^[4]

Primary Care HPSAs

As of September 8, 2016 there are is 6,450 Primary Care HPSAs. The percent of need met is computed by dividing the number of physicians available to serve the population of the area, group, or facility by the number of physicians that would be necessary to eliminate the primary care HPSA (based on a ratio of 3,500 to 1 (3,000 to 1 where high needs are indicated)). The number of additional primary care physicians needed to achieve a population-to-primary care physician ratio of 3,500 to 1 (3,000 to 1 where high needs are indicated) in all designated primary care HPSAs, resulting in their removal from designation. Applying this formula, it would take approximately 8,200 additional primary care physicians to eliminate the current primary care HPSA designations. While the 1:3,500 ratio has been a long-standing ratio used to identify high need areas, it is important to note that there is no generally accepted ratio of physician to population ratio. Furthermore, primary care needs of an individual community will vary by a number of factors such as the age of the community's population. Additionally, the formula used to designate primary care HPSAs does not take into account the availability of additional primary care services provided by Nurse Practitioners and Physician Assistants in an area. Other sources describing primary care supply use other ratios; for example, a ratio of 1 physician to 2,000 population. To meet this ratio, approximately 16,000 more primary care physicians would need to be added to the current supply in HPSAs.The formula used to designate primary care HPSAs does not take into account the availability of additional primary care services provided by nurse practitioners andDental HPSAsssistants in an area.^[1][5]

Dental HPSAs

There are currently approximately 4,900 Dental HPSAs. Dental HPSAs are based on a dentist to population ratio of 1:5,000. In other words, when there are 5,000 or more people per dentist, an area is eligible to be designated as a dental HPSA. Applying this formula, it would take approximately 7,300 additional dentists to eliminate the current dental HPSA designations.^[1]

Mental Health HPSAs

There are currently approximately 4,000 Mental Health HPSAs. Mental Health HPSAs are based on a psychiatrist to population ratio of 1:30,000. In other words, when there are 30,000 or more people per psychiatrist, an area is eligible to be designated as a mental health HPSA. Applying this formula, it would take approximately 2,800 additional psychiatrists to eliminate the current mental health HPSA designations. Additionally while the regulations allow mental health HPSA designations to be based either on psychiatrist to population ratio or core mental health provider to population ratio, most mental health HPSA designations are currently based on the psychiatrists only to population ratio. Core mental health providers include psychiatrists, clinical psychologists, clinical social workers, psychiatric nurse specialists, and marriage and family therapists.^[1]

Medical Underserved Areas and Populations

Medically Underserved Areas (MUAs) may be a whole county or a group of contiguous counties, a group of county or civil divisions or a group of urban census tracts in which residents have a shortage of personal health services. Medically Underserved Populations (MUPs) may include groups of persons who face economic, cultural or linguistic barriers to health care.^[1]

HPSA Designations

Medicare Modernization Act (MMA) Section 413(b) required CMS to revise some of the policies that address HPSA bonus payments. Section 1833(m) of the Social Security Act provides bonus payments for physicians who furnish medical care services in geographic areas that are designated by the HRSA as primary medical care HPSAs under section 332 (a)(1)(A) of the Public Health Service (PHS) Act. In addition, for claims with dates of service on or after July 1, 2004, psychiatrists (provider specialty 26) furnishing services in mental health HPSAs are also eligible to receive bonus payments. If a zip code falls within both a primary care and mental health HPSA, only one bonus will be paid on the service.

Effective January 1, 2005, a modifier no longer has to be included on claims to receive the HPSA bonus payment, which will be paid automatically, if services are provided in ZIP code areas that either fall entirely in a county designated as a full-county HPSA or fall entirely within the county, through a USPS determination of dominance, fall entirely within a partial county HPSA. However, if services are provided in ZIP code areas that do not fall entirely within a full county HPSA or partial county HPSA, the AQ modifier must be entered on the claim to receive the bonus.

Some other important points for physician bonuses include:^[6]

• Medicare Administrative Contractors (MACs) will base the bonus on the amount actually paid (not the Medicare approved payment amount for each service) and the ten-percent bonus will be paid on a quarterly basis.

• The HPSA bonus pertains only to physician's professional services. Should a service be billed that has both a professional and technical component, only the professional component will receive the bonus payment.

• The key to eligibility is not that the beneficiary lives in a HPSA nor that the physician's office or primary location is in a HPSA, but rather that the services are actually rendered in a HPSA.

• To be considered for the bonus payment, the name, address, and ZIP code of the location where the service was rendered must be included on all electronic and paper claim submissions.

• Physicians should verify the eligibility of their area for a bonus before submitting services with a HPSA modifier for areas they think may still require the submission of a modifier to receive the bonus payment.

• Services submitted with the AQ modifier will be subject to validation by Medicare.

Affordable Care Act of 2010 Changes (New for January 2011 for the HSIP Bonus)

The Affordable Care Act of 2010, Section 5501 (b)(4) expanded bonus payments for general surgeons in HPSAs. Effective January 1, 2011 through December 31, 2015, physicians serving in designated HPSAs will receive an additional 10% bonus for major surgical procedures with a 10 or 90 day global period. This additional payment, referred to as the HPSA Surgical Incentive Payment (HSIP) will be combined with the original HPSA payment and will be paid on a quarterly basis.^[6]

References