Guillaume d'Estouteville

Cardinal
Guillaume d'Estouteville
Cardinal-Priest
Cardinal-Bishop
Church San Martino ai Monti (1440-1459)
Diocese Porto (1459-1461)
Ostia (1461-1483)
Orders
Created Cardinal 18 December 1439
by Pope Eugene IV
Personal details
Born 1412
Normandy, FR
Died 22 January 1483
Rome
Buried S. Agostino, Rome
Nationality French
Parents Jean d'Estouteville, Sieur de Vallemont
Marguerite d'Harcourt
Spouse Girolama Togli
Occupation diplomat, courtier
Profession bishop
Education Master of Arts, Canon Law
Bust of Guillaume d'Estouteville
done shortly after his death by Mino da Fiesole, Metropolitan Museum, New York City

Guillaume d'Estouteville, (ca. 1412–1483) was a French aristocrat of royal blood who became a leading bishop and cardinal. He held a number of Church offices simultaneously.

Life

D'Estouteville was born ca. 1412[1] in either Valmont or Estouteville-Écalles in the Duchy of Normandy, a member of the most powerful family in the region. His father, Jean d'Estouteville, Sieur de Vallemont and Grand Chamberlain of France, had fought at Agincourt, was captured, and spent twenty years as a prisoner of war.[2] His mother was Marguerite d'Haricourt, the daughter of Catherine de Bourbon, the sister of Johanna de Bourbon who was the wife[3] of King Charles V of France.[4] Guillaume had an elder brother Louis, who became Grand Bouteiller of France.[5] As the custom was, the younger brother was destined for a career in the Church. The family lost a great deal of property and income as a result of the English occupation of Normandy after the Battle of Agincourt.[6] A collateral ancestor (uncle?),[7] also called Guillaume d'Estouteville, had been Bishop of Evreux (1375–1376) at the age of twenty, Bishop of Auxerre (1376–1382), and Bishop of Lisieux (1382–1415).[8]

It was first said by Alfonso Chacon,[9] and often repeated thereafter, that Guillaume became a Benedictine monk at the Priory of Saint-Martin-des-Champs in Paris, where he soon became prior.[10] Both of these statements, however, have been shown to be mistaken. Documentary evidence written at Saint-Martin in 1500 shows that he was a secular priest, and that he was Administrator of Saint-Martin.[11] Chacon also states that d'Estouteville was Doctor Decretorum (Doctor of Canon Law), but various papal documents of Pope Eugenius IV, in particular one of 1435, calls him a Papal Notary, a relative of the Kings of France, a Master of Arts, and of Canon Law, having passed rigorous examinations.[12] Henri Denifle states that d'Estouteville's degree in Canon Law did not come from the University of Paris.[13] Guillaume did possess a Canonry in the Church of Evreux, and in 1432 he was Canon in Lyon as well. In 1433 he became Canon in Angers.

He later became abbot commendatory simultaneously of the Abbeys of Mont Saint-Michel (1444–1483), of Saint-Ouen at Rouen and of Montebourg.

Bishop

The Bishop of Angers, Hardouin du Brueil, died on 18 January 1439.[14] Guillaume D'Estouteville, who was ambitious for the post, immediately rushed to Rome and obtained bulls from Pope Eugene IV on 20 February[15] naming him to the bishopric. On 28 February the Canons of the Cathedral Chapter met and duly elected Jean Michel of Beauvais, a Councillor of Rene of Anjou and Canon of Rouen and of Angers, though d'Estouteville received several votes in the election. The election of Jean Michel was confirmed by the Vicars-General of the Archbishop of Tours. The bulls which d'Estouteville had obtained in Rome were presented to the Chapter of Angers on 24 April by d'Estouteville's procurator, but the majority of the Chapter rejected his pretensions. In the meantime Bishop Jean Michel was sitting as Bishop of Angers in the Council of Basel. King Charles VII of France was angered at the interference of the Pope in French church affairs and threatened, in support of the Gallican church, to apply the Pragmatic Sanction and exclude the Pope's bulls.[16] Pope Eugene escaped from the danger by giving d'Estouteville the bishopric of Digne in the Alpes-de-Haut-Province, a suffragan of Embrun.[17] He renounced his claim on Angers on 27 October 1447.[18]

On 18 April 1440, he was named the Apostolic Administrator of the Diocese of Mirepoix; his commission was revoked upon the appointment of a new bishop on 17 May 1441. He never visited Mirepoix, but he did collect a year's income.[19]

Cardinal

A few months after the affair of Angers, Guillaume d'Estouteville was named a cardinal priest in the consistory of 18 December 1439 by Pope Eugene IV,[20] and assigned the titular church of San Martino ai Monti. The Cardinal's hat probably softened the disappointment of losing the bishopric of Angers. Pope Eugene probably derived a bit of satisfaction at granting a red hat to a member of the French royalty without the request or consent of the King.

He was consecrated a bishop in January 1440. In 1440 he was briefly administrator of the diocese of Conserans (St. Lizier)[21] The following year he was additionally appointed as Administrator of the Dioceses of Béziers and Nîmes.<ref name=CH /[22]

In 1443, Cardinal d'Estouteville was appointed Archpriest of the Basilica Liberiana (Santa Maria Maggiore) by Pope Eugene IV,[23] in succession to Cardinal Niccolò Albergati, who died on 9 May 1443.[24] He held the position for life. In March 1451 Pope Nicholas V granted a new set of Statutes to the Canons of the Basilica, which emphasized the decisive power that the Archpriest had over the physical structure of the church and its property.[23] In his Testament d'Estouteville left funds for the refurbishment and redecoration of the Chapel of S. Michele e S. Pietro in Vincoli, and for the building of the Chapel of S. Antonio.[25]

On 7 January 1450 D'Estouteville was appointed Administrator of the Diocese of Lodève.[26] He served in this office for three years, before being appointed as bishop of the Diocese of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne in Savoy. He was Bishop of Maurienne from 26 January 1453 to 20 April 1453, though he continued to act as Administrator of the diocese for the rest of his life.[27] In April 1453 he was released from his obligation as Bishop Maurienne and appointed Archbishop of Rouen by Nicholas V.[28] The Canons of Rouen protested the violation of their rights, and Pope Nicholas granted them an Indult on 16 November promising them that, on the death of Guillaume d'Estouteville, they could elect whomever they wished. D'Estouteville took possession of the diocese of Rouen on 30 April 1453 through a Procurator, Bishop Louis d'Harcourt of Narbonne.[29]

D'Estouteville, appointed Legate to the King of France, departed from Rome for France on 16 May 1454, with permission to be outside the Curia for six months; he returned to Rome on 12 September 1455 after sixteen months absence.[30] His official mission was to attempt to persuade Charles VII to join in yet another crusade, the one that Nicholas V had tried to launch on 30 September 1453, following the Fall of Constantinople.

Rome

On his return, he built as his residence the Palazzo Apollinare to the west of the Church of S. Agostino and adjacent to the Church of S. Apollinare.[31]

Conclaves

D'Estouteville participated in the papal conclave of 4–10 March 1447[32] that elected Pope Nicholas V.[33] He was absent from Rome, however, during the sede vacante of 24 March–8 April 1455, prior to the election of Pope Calixtus III.[34] D'Estouteville took part in the Conclave of 6–19 August 1458[35] and was a candidate for the papacy in the Conclave; he was able to command six votes out of the nineteen participants, but he was defeated by Cardinal Aeneas Sylvius Piccolomini of Siena, who chose the throne name Pope Pius II.[36]

On 20 February 1456 he was one of the cardinals who subscribed the bull of Pope Calixtus III which created Rodrigo Borgia a cardinal.[37]

In 1458 Cardinal d'Estouteville was asked by the Teutonic Knights to be their Protector at the Roman Curia, an honor and office which he accepted.[38] In January 1459 he accompanied Pope Pius II in his journey to Mantua to meet with the princes of Europe to arrange for a crusade against the Ottoman Turks.[39]

He became Cardinal Bishop of Porto-Santa Rufina on 19 March 1459.[40] He was named the Cardinal-Bishop of Ostia on 26 October 1461, and became the Dean of the College of Cardinals after the death of Cardinal Bessarion on 18 November 1472.[41]

He took part in the Conclave of 27/28–30 August 1464,[42] in which Pope Paul II (Pietro Barbo of Venice) was elected in the first Scrutiny.[43]

On January 11, 1468 the Cardinal was elected Chamberlain of the College of Cardinals for a one-year term. This was a burdensome office, requiring the holder to see to it that monies due to the College of Cardinals from all sources, including the Pope, were collected, and to see to it that they were disbursed to the cardinals who were in the Roman Curia.[44]

Campaign for the Papacy

Pope Paul died on 26 July 1471, and Cardinal d'Estouteville immediately began campaigning openly for the papacy. He wrote to Galeazzo Maria Sforza, Duke of Milan, seeking his support and that of the four cardinals who were 'Friends of the Prince'. But there were other candidates, notably Cardinal Bessarion, who was being supported by Venice. Eighteen cardinals, out of the twenty-five living cardinals, attended the Conclave, which began on 6 August 1471.[45] In the second Scrutiny, on August 9, Cardinal Francesco della Rovere was elected with thirteen of the eighteen votes. D'Estouteville had received six votes. Della Rovere chose the throne name Sixtus IV.

On 25 August 1471, Cardinal d'Estouteville, availing himself of the traditional privilege of the Bishops of Ostia, consecrated Cardinal Francesco della Rovere, O.F.M.Conv., who had been elected Pope Sixtus IV, a bishop.[46] The Coronation took place on the same day on the front steps of the Vatican Basilica by Cardinal Rodrigo Borja, the senior Cardinal Deacon.[47]

The Cardinal also owed a vineyard near the Porta S. Maria del Popolo. On 15 May 1472 he gave a luncheon there in honor of Cardinal Rodrigo de Borja, who was leaving Rome on a mission to Catalonia and Spain.[48] Earlier that day, the seals of the Chamberlain of the Sacred College were transferred from Cardinal Borjia, who was Chamberlain for the year, to Cardinal d'Estouteville, who was to fill out the rest of his term.[49] On 12 October 1472, he was appointed in Consistory to be Legate in France.[50]

He served as Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church (S.R.E. Camerarius)[51] from 1477, in succession to Cardinal Latino Orsini, who died on 11 August 1477. D'Estouteville held the position until his death; he was the last non-Italian cardinal to hold the office for nearly five hundred years until Jean-Marie Villot in 1970.

Diplomat

On 13 August 1451 Cardinal d'Estouteville was sent to France as legate by Pope Nicholas V, on the instigation of the Duc de Bourbon, to make peace between King Charles VII of France and England; at the same time Cardinal Nicholas of Cusa was sent to England on the same mission. Both failed.[52]

He undertook at the instigation of the Inquisitor General Jean Brehal an ex officio revision of the trial of Joan of Arc. He afterwards reformed the statutes of the University of Paris, issuing his decree on 1 June 1452. He shortened the course leading to the Doctorate in theology from fifteen to fourteen years, and he removed the requirement that Doctors of Medicine be in holy orders.[53] He then went to preside over the assembly of clergy which met at Bourges in July and August 1452 to discuss the observation of the Pragmatic Sanction.[54] He finally returned to Rome on 3 January 1453,[55] where he passed almost all the rest of his life.

Patron of the Arts

Tomb of Saint Monica (S. Agostino)

Rouen (the episcopal palace), Mont Saint-Michel (the choir of the church), Pontoise (the episcopal palace), and the Château de Gaillon[56] owe the construction of many buildings to his initiative. In his capacity as Bishop of Ostia d'Estouteville had the walls of the town restored, and built the Cathedral of Saint Aurea. In Velletri he rebuilt the episcopal palace.[57] The cardinal also financed the rebuilding of the Church of St. Agostino in Rome.[58] He then had the remains of Saint Monica, the mother of St. Augustine, brought from Ostia Antica for entombment in a marble sarcophagus he had built for them. His name prominently embellishes the façade.[59] He is also credited with building the Church of S. Agostino at Cori and the Church of S. Agostino at Tolentino.[60] He was a generous donor of sacred articles to the Church of S. Luigi dei Francesi in March 1482.[61]

D'Estouteville died in Rome on 22 January 1483.[62] His remains were buried in the Basilica of Sant'Agostino. His heart, however, was removed, as was the custom, and taken to be placed in the tomb he had built for himself in the Cathedral of Rouen.[63] A bust of him was placed at the entrance to the sacristy of S. Agostino, with an inscription dated 1865.[64]

Family

With his mistress, Girolama Togli, Guillaume d'Estouteville had five children, including Girolamo Tuttavilla (Tuttavilla is an Italian version of Estouteville),[65] a son Agostino,[66] a daughter Margherita,[67] and a daughter Giulia.[68]

Works

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Guillaume d'Estouteville.

Episcopal Succession

Cardinal d'Estouteville performed a number of episcopal consecrations in Rome as part of his duties in the Roman Curia. He has the distinction of being the origin of the oldest extant episcopal lineage within the Catholic Church and the most numerous non-Rebiban lineage. This refers to the ongoing effort to trace the links from one bishop to his consecrator, to his consecrator, etc., all the way back to the Apostles. Thus far, the research has only been able to establish connections back to the mid-fifteenth century, a far distance from Apostolic times, which is a major embarrassment to the claim that bishops derive their authority directly from Christ by way of the Apostles and their successors by the laying-on of hands (Apostolic Succession).

References

  1. ↑ Esposito, Anna (1993). Estouteville, Guillaume d', Dizionario Biografico degli Italiani, Volume 43. Retrieved: 2016-11-25.
  2. ↑ Nicholas Harris Nicolas (1832). History of the Battle of Agincourt, and of the Expedition of Henry the Fifth Into France in 1415 (second ed.). London: Johnson & Company. pp. Appendix, pp. 24–28.
  3. ↑ Denifle (1897), p. xxii. The Cardinal's arms were supercharged with a shield portraying the Arms of France differenced by a gold band (Bourbon, in honor of his grandmother). Barbier de Montault, p. 22. See: Gill (1996), p. 501, fig. 3, where the arms of d'Estouteville are quartered with those of Haricourt, with the arms of Bourbon superimposed; this stemma was placed on the central boss of the chapel vault by the Cardinal in his lifetime.
  4. ↑ Mollier, p. 3.
  5. ↑ Gallia christiana, XI, p. 90.
  6. ↑ Henri Denifle has collected materials bearing on destruction suffered by monasteries and churches because of the English. Henri Denifle (1897). La désolation des églises, monastères, hopitaux en France, pendant la guerre de cent ans (in French and Latin). Tome I. Paris: A. Picard et fils. pp. 66–90.
  7. ↑ Anselme de Sainte-Marie; Ange de Sainte-Rosalie (1733). Histoire de la Maison Royale de France, et des grands officiers de la Couronne (in French). Tome septième (7) (troisième ed.). Paris: Compagnie des libraires associés. pp. 90–91. cf. p. 96.
  8. ↑ Eubel, I, pp. 120, 234, 304. H. Fisquet, La France pontificale: Metropole de Rouen: Evreux (Paris: E. Repos 1864), pp. 36-37.
  9. ↑ Ciaconius, Alphonsus (Alfonso Chacon) (1677). Vitae et res gestae Pontificum romanorum et S.R.E. Cardinalium: ab initio nascentis ecclesiae vsque ad Clementem IX P.O.M (in Latin). Tomus secundus. Roma: cura et sumptib. Philippi et Ant. De Rubeis. pp. 913–915. He was misled by an inscription of 1637 placed as a memorial in the church of S. Agostino by Benedictine monks, of whose Order d'Estouteville had been Protector. See Barbier de Montault, p. 7 note 13.
  10. ↑ He actually became Prior Commendatarius in 1471. Denifle, p. xxii.
  11. ↑ Denifle (1897), xx-xxi: monasterium Sancti Martini per spatium centum annorum et amplius per seculares rectum fuerat, administratum et gubernatum, videlicet per dominos cardinals Laudunensem, Rothomagensem, Lugdunensem, patriarchum Antiochenum, et episcopum Nannetensem..."
  12. ↑ Denifle, p. xxi. He is never, however, called a monk or Frater.
  13. ↑ Denifle (1897), xxiv: certe talem gradum non Parisiis obtinuerat.
  14. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 87 note 1.
  15. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 87.
  16. ↑ B. Haureau, Gallia christiana Tomus XIV, p. 580. Mollier, p. 7.
  17. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 144. D'Estouteville retained the diocese when he became a Cardinal on 18 December of the same year.
  18. ↑ Denifle, p. xxiv.
  19. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 193. Cf. Gallia christiana XIII (Paris 1785), p. 272, where the Administratorship is place in the wrong interregnum.
  20. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 8 no. 18.
  21. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 134 and n. 2.
  22. ↑ Catholic Hierarchy
  23. 1 2 Gill (1996), p. 498.
  24. ↑ G. Ferri, "Le carte dell archivio Liberiano del secolo X al XV," Archivio della Società romana di storia patria 30 (1907) 161-163. Eubel, II, p. 6 no. 37.
  25. ↑ Gill (1996), p. 500, note 4.
  26. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 179 with note 1.
  27. ↑ He took possession of his diocese by Procurator, and never visited the diocese in the next thirty years. He remembered the diocese, however, in his Testament. B. Hauréau, Gallia christiana, XVI (Paris 1865), p. 643. Eubel, II, p. 188.
  28. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 225, with note 2.
  29. ↑ Gallia christiana XI, p. 90. Louis d'Harcourt was the son of Catherine de Bourbon, Guillaume's grandmother. Gallia christiana VI (Paris 1739), p. 103.
  30. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 31, nos. 159 and 165.
  31. ↑ Westfall, Carroll William (1974). "Alberti and the Vatican Palace Type". Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians. 33 (2): 101–121, at pp. 102–103. JSTOR 988904. Retrieved 2016-11-26. (registration required (help)).
  32. ↑ Eubel II, p. 10 note .2.
  33. ↑ J.P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1447, retrieved: 2016-11-27.
  34. ↑ J.P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1455, retrieved: 2016-11-27.
  35. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 13 note 2.
  36. ↑ J.P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1458, retrieved: 2016-11-27.
  37. ↑ Ludwig Pastor (1906), History of the Popes, third edition Volume II (London: Kegan Paul), p. 544.
  38. ↑ Katherine, Walsh (1974). "The Beginnings of a National Protectorate: Curial Cardinals and the Irish Church in theFifteenth Century". Archivium Hibernicum. 32: 72–80, at p. 73. JSTOR 25529601. Retrieved 2016-11-26. (registration required (help)).
  39. ↑ Gregorovius, VII. 1, p. 176. Charles-Joseph Hefele, Histoire des conciles VII, ii (Paris Letouzeu 1916), pp. 1287-1333.
  40. ↑ Denifle, p. xxiv, citing the Registers of Pius II in the Vatican Archives.
  41. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 8 no 11; p. 38 no. 324.
  42. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 14, note 4.
  43. ↑ J.P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1464, retrieved: 2016-11-27.
  44. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 36, no. 278. If a cardinal was not in the Curia, he was not entitled to his share of the distributions during the time of his absence. This included nuncios and legates.
  45. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 15, note 9. Four of the absentees, unfortunately, were French.
  46. ↑ Charles Bransom, The d'Estouteville Line, retrieved: 2016-11-25. Salvador Miranda, The Cardinals of the Holy Roman Church: Della Rovere, O.F.M.Conv., Francesco, retrieved: 2016-11-25.
  47. ↑ J.P. Adams, Sede Vacante 1471, retrieved: 2016-11-27.
  48. ↑ He returned on 24 October 1473. Eubel, II, p. 38, no. 330.
  49. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 38, no. 318. He seems to have continued through 1473: no. 333. A new Chamberlain was elected on 24 January 1474: no. 342.
  50. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 38, no. 322.
  51. ↑ The Camerlengo, retrieved: 2016-11-27.
  52. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 30, no. 143 (and cf. no. 146). Hefele, Histoire des conciles VII, ii, pp. 1220-1221.
  53. ↑ Denifle (1897), Chartularium IV, no. 2690, pp. 713-734.
  54. ↑ Noël Valois (1906). Histoire de la Pragmatique Sanction de Bourges sous Charles VII (in French and Latin). Paris: A. Picard. pp. clxxxiii–clxxxiv; 220–227. Bernard Guenée (1991). Between Church and State: The Lives of Four French Prelates in the Late Middle Ages. University of Chicago Press. pp. 316–318. ISBN 978-0-226-31032-9.
  55. ↑ Eubel, II, p. 31 no. 154.
  56. ↑ Elisabeth Chirol, Le Château de Gaillon (Paris: Picard 1952), Chapitre II, 1454-1463. A. Deville (1850). Comptes de dépenses de la construction du château de Gaillon (in French). Paris: Imprimerie nationale. pp. xii, lii–lv.
  57. ↑ Gregorovius, History of the City of Rome in the Middle Ages Vol. VII, Part ii, p. 685.
  58. ↑ Müntz, pp. 156-158.
  59. ↑ V. Forcella, Inscrizioni delle chiese e d'altri edifici di Roma Volume V. (Roma: Bencini 1874), p. 18 no. 41.
  60. ↑ Barbier de Montault, p. 8.
  61. ↑ Müntz, pp. 285-291. The articles seem to comprise most of the materials belonging to the Cardinal's private chapel.
  62. ↑
  63. ↑ Gill (2001), p. 349.
  64. ↑ Forcella, p. 111, no. 335, repeating the claim that d'Estouteville was a Benedictine monk. The 1865 inscription replaces that of 1637 (154 years after his death), which claimed that d'Estouteville was eighty years old.
  65. ↑ David Abulafia (1995). The French descent into Renaissance Italy, 1494-95: antecedents and effects. Aldershot, UK: Variorum. p. 154. ISBN 978-0-86078-550-7. Cardinal Rodrigo Borgia was made guardian of d'Estouteville's sons in his Testament: Gill (2001), p. 347 note 1. Girolamo married Isabella Orsini in 1483; he was lord of Nemi, Genzano and Frascati and Count of Sarno in the Kingdom of Naples; he died ca. 1495.
  66. ↑ Annibale Ilari (1965). Frascati tra Medioevo e Rinascimento: con gli statuti esemplati nel 1515 e altri documenti (in Italian). Ed. di Storia e Letteratura. pp. 58–62. GGKEY:29HA6Y0J37F.
  67. ↑ Gill (2001), p. 351, note 15.
  68. ↑ Gill (2001), pp. 353-354.

Bibliography

External links

Catholic Church titles
Preceded by
Hardouin de Bueil		 Bishop of Angers
(Jean I Michel in fact in possession)
1439–1447 		Succeeded by
Jean de Beauvau
Preceded by
Pierre de Verceil		 Bishop of Digne
1439–1445 		Succeeded by
Pierre Turelure
Preceded by
Andreas		 Administrator of the diocese of Conserans
1440 		Succeeded by
Jordanus de Aura
Preceded by
Guillaume du Puy		 Administrator of the Diocese of Mirepoix
1439–1441 		Succeeded by
Jourdain d'Aure
Preceded by
Guillaume de Champeaux		 Administrator of the Diocese of Nîmes
1441–1450 		Succeeded by
Geoffroy Soreau
Preceded by
?		 Administrator of the Diocese of Béziers
1444–1447 		Succeeded by
?
Preceded by
Jacques de Gaujac		 Administrator of the Diocese of Lodève
1450–1453 		Succeeded by
Jean de Corguilleray
Preceded by
Juan de Segovia		 Bishop of Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne
1453–1483 		Succeeded by
Etienne de Morel
Preceded by
Raoul Roussel		 Archbishop of Rouen
1453–1483 		Succeeded by
Robert de Croixmare
Preceded by
Francesco Condulmer		 Cardinal-bishop of Porto
1459–1461 		Succeeded by
Juan Carvajal
Preceded by
Giorgio Fieschi		 Cardinal-bishop of Ostia
1461–1483 		Succeeded by
Giuliano della Rovere
Preceded by
Basilios Bessarion		 Dean of the College of Cardinals
1472–1483 		Succeeded by
Rodrigo Borgia
Preceded by
Latino Orsini		 Camerlengo of the Holy Roman Church
1477–1483 		Succeeded by
Raffaele Riario
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