Groundhog Day

For the film, see Groundhog Day (film). For the stage musical, see Groundhog Day (musical). For other uses, see Groundhog Day (disambiguation).
Groundhog Day

Groundhog Day 2005 in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Observed by United States and Canada
Type Cultural
Significance Predicts the arrival of spring
Celebrations Announcing whether a groundhog sees its shadow after it emerges from its burrow
Date February 2
Frequency Annual

Groundhog Day (Canadian French: Jour de la Marmotte; Pennsylvania German: Grundsaudaag, Murmeltiertag) is a traditional holiday celebrated on February 2. According to folklore, if it is cloudy when a groundhog emerges from its burrow on this day, then the spring season will arrive early, some time before the vernal equinox; if it is sunny, the groundhog will supposedly see its shadow and retreat back into its den, and winter weather will persist for six more weeks.[1]

Modern customs of the holiday involve early morning celebrations to watch the groundhog emerging from its burrow.

In southeastern Pennsylvania, Groundhog Lodges (Grundsow Lodges) celebrate the holiday with fersommlinge,[2] social events in which food is served, speeches are made, and one or more g'spiel (plays or skits) are performed for entertainment. The Pennsylvania German dialect is the only language spoken at the event, and those who speak English pay a penalty, usually in the form of a nickel, dime, or quarter per word spoken, with the money put into a bowl in the center of the table.[3]

Groundhog Day was adopted in the U.S. in 1887. Clymer H. Freas was the editor of the local paper Punxsutawney Spirit at the time, and he began promoting the town’s groundhog as the official "Groundhog Day meteorologist".[4]

The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, with Punxsutawney Phil. Groundhog Day, already a widely recognized and popular tradition,[5] received widespread attention as a result of the 1993 film Groundhog Day.[6]

History

The celebration began as a Pennsylvania German custom in southeastern and central Pennsylvania in the 18th and 19th centuries. It has its origins in ancient European weather lore, in which a badger or a sacred bear is the prognosticator, as opposed to a groundhog.[7] It also bears similarities to the Pagan festival of Imbolc (the seasonal turning point of the Celtic calendar, which is celebrated on February 2 and also involves weather prognostication[8]), and to St. Swithun's Day on July 15.

Historical origins

The groundhog (Marmota monax) is a rodent of the family Sciuridae, belonging to the group of large ground squirrels.
Banner of Grundsow Lodsh Nummer Sivva (Groundhog Lodge Number Seven), of Pennsburg, Pennsylvania.

The first documented American reference to Groundhog Day can be found in a diary entry,[9] dated February 4, 1841, by Morgantown, Pennsylvania, storekeeper James Morris:

Last Tuesday, the 2nd, was Candlemas day, the day on which, according to the Germans,[10] the Groundhog peeps out of his winter quarters and if he sees his shadow he pops back for another six weeks nap, but if the day be cloudy he remains out, as the weather is to be moderate.

From England, the poem:

If Candlemas be fair and bright,
Winter has another flight.
If Candlemas brings clouds and rain,
Winter will not come again.[1]

  1. ^ "Groundhog Day". Stormfax Weather Almanac. 2014. Archived from the original on November 29, 2014. Retrieved February 4, 2015. 

From Scotland, the poem:

If Candlemas Day is bright and clear,
There'll be two winters in the year.[1]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference punxsutawney was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

From Germany, the poem:

For as the sun shines on Candlemas Day,
So far will the snow swirl until May.
For as the snow blows on Candlemas Day,
So far will the sun shine before May.[1]

  1. ^ Cite error: The named reference punxsutawney was invoked but never defined (see the help page).

Alternative origin theories

In some western countries in the Northern Hemisphere, the 'official' first day of spring is almost seven weeks (46–48 days) after Groundhog Day, on March 20 or March 21; in others, that date is traditionally the middle of spring, just as the solstice in June is midsummer day.

The custom could have been a folk embodiment of the confusion created by the collision of two calendar systems. Some ancient traditions marked the change of season at cross-quarter days such as Imbolc when daylight first makes significant progress against the night. Other traditions held that spring did not begin until the length of daylight overtook night at the Vernal Equinox. So an arbiter, the groundhog/hedgehog, was incorporated as a yearly custom to settle the two traditions. Sometimes spring begins at Imbolc, and sometimes winter lasts six more weeks until the equinox.[11]

Another theory states that the groundhog naturally comes out of hibernation in central Pennsylvania in early February because of the increasing average temperature; under this theory, if German settlement had been centered further north, Groundhog Day would take place at a later date.[12]

Locations

The largest Groundhog Day celebration is held in Punxsutawney, Pennsylvania, where crowds as large as 40,000[13] have gathered to celebrate the holiday since at least 1886.[14] Other celebrations of note in Pennsylvania take place in Quarryville in Lancaster County,[15] the Anthracite Region of Schuylkill County,[16] and the Sinnamahoning Valley of Bucks County.[17]

The day is observed with various ceremonies at other locations in North America,[18] including Wiarton, Ontario,[19] the Shubenacadie Wildlife Park in Nova Scotia,[20] and the University of Dallas in Irving, Texas (which has what is claimed to be the second largest Groundhog celebration in the world).[21]

Predictions of various groundhogs since 2008

DatePredictionGroundhogLocation
20166 more weeks of winter[22]Buckeye ChuckMarion, Ohio
20166 more weeks of winter[23]Chesapeake ChuckNewport News, Virginia
2016Early spring[24]ChucklesManchester, Connecticut
20166 more weeks of winter[25]Dunkirk DaveDunkirk, New York
2016Early spring[26]General Beauregard LeeLilburn, Georgia
2016Early spring[27] Jimmy the GroundhogSun Prairie, Wisconsin
20166 more weeks of spring[28]Pierre C. ShadeauxNew Iberia, Louisiana
2016Early spring[29]Punxsutawney PhilPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2016Early spring[30]Shubenacadie SamShubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2016Early spring[31]Staten Island Chuck Staten Island, New York City, New York
2016Early spring[32]Stormy MarmotAurora, Colorado
2016Early spring[33]T-Boy the NutriaNew Orleans, Louisiana
2016Early spring[34]Woodstock WillieWoodstock, Illinois
2015Early spring[35]Balzac BillyBalzac, Alberta
2015Early spring[36]Buckeye ChuckMarion, Ohio
20156 more weeks of winter[37]Chattanooga ChuckChattanooga, Tennessee
2015Early spring[38]Chesapeake ChuckNewport News, Virginia
20156 more weeks of winter[39]ChucklesManchester, Connecticut
2015Early spring[40]Cocalico CalEphrata, Pennsylvania
2015Early spring[41]Dover DougDover, Pennsylvania
2015Early spring[42]Dunkirk DaveDunkirk, New York
20156 more weeks of winter[43]FredVal d'Espoir, Quebec
2015Early spring[44]French Creek FreddieFrench Creek, West Virginia
2015Early spring[45]General Beauregard LeeLilburn, Georgia
20156 more weeks of winter[46] Grady the GroundhogChimney Rock, North Carolina
20156 more weeks of winter[47]Holtsville HalHoltsville, New York
2015Disputed[48] Jimmy the GroundhogSun Prairie, Wisconsin
2015Early spring[49]Lawrenceville LucyLawrenceville, Pennsylvania
20156 more weeks of winter[47]Malverne MelMalverne, New York
2015Early spring[50]Manitoba MervWinnipeg, Manitoba
20156 more weeks of winter[40]Mount Joy MinnieLancaster County, Pennsylvania
2015Early spring[46]NibblesAsheville, North Carolina
2015Early spring[40]Octorara OrphieQuarryville, Pennsylvania
20156 more weeks of winter[51]Oil Springs OllieOil Springs, Ontario
20156 more weeks of spring[52]Pierre C. ShadeauxNew Iberia, Louisiana
20156 more weeks of winter[41]Poor RichardYork, Pennsylvania
20156 more weeks of winter[53]Punxsutawney PhilPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania
20156 more weeks of winter[54]Queen CharlotteCharlotte, North Carolina
20156 more weeks of winter[55]Shubenacadie SamShubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2015Early spring[56]Sir Walter WallyRaleigh, North Carolina
2015Early spring[57]Staten Island Chuck
(with Charlotte Jr. serving as stand-in)
Staten Island, New York City, New York
2015Early spring[58]Stormy MarmotAurora, Colorado
2015Early spring[59]Susquehanna ShermanMount Wolf, Pennsylvania
2015Early spring[60]T-Boy the NutriaNew Orleans, Louisiana
20156 more weeks of winter[61]UniMyerstown, Pennsylvania
2015 6 more weeks of winter[62]Western Maryland MurrayCumberland, Maryland
2015Early spring[55] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
2015Early spring[50]Winnipeg WillowWinnipeg, Manitoba
20156 more weeks of winter[63]Woodstock WillieWoodstock, Illinois
20156 more weeks of winter[64]Woody
(with Murray serving as stand-in)
Howell, Michigan
2014 Early spring[65]Buckeye ChuckMarion, Ohio
20146 more weeks of winterChesapeake ChuckNewport News, Virginia
20146 more weeks of winter[66]Dover DougDover, Pennsylvania
20146 more weeks of winterDundas DonnaToronto, Ontario
2014Early spring[67]Dunkirk DaveDunkirk, New York
2014Early spring [68]Fred Val d'Espoir, Quebec
2014Early spring[69]Holtsville HalHoltsville, New York
2014Early spring[69]Malverne MelMalverne, New York
20146 more weeks of spring[70]Pierre C. ShadeauxNew Iberia, Louisiana
20146 more weeks of winter[66] Poor RichardYork, Pennsylvania
20146 more weeks of winter[71]Punxsutawney PhilPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania
20146 more weeks of winter[72]Staten Island Chuck
(with Charlotte Sr. serving as stand-in)
Staten Island, New York City, New York
20146 more weeks of winter[73]Stormy MarmotAurora, Colorado
2014Early spring[74]Susquehanna ShermanMount Wolf, Pennsylvania
2014Early spring[75]Winnipeg WillowWinnipeg, Manitoba
2013Early spring[76]Buckeye ChuckMarion, Ohio
20136 more weeks of winterChesapeake ChuckNewport News, Virginia
20136 more weeks of winter[77]Dover DougDover, Pennsylvania
2013Early spring[78]Dunkirk DaveDunkirk, New York
20136 more weeks of winter[79]FredVal d'Espoir, Quebec
2013Early spring[80]Jimmy the GroundhogSun Prairie, Wisconsin
20136 more weeks of winter[81]Flatiron FreddyBoulder, Colorado
20136 more weeks of winter[82]Malverne MelMalverne, New York
20136 more weeks of winter[79]Manitoba MervWinnipeg, Manitoba
2013Early spring[83]NibblesAsheville, North Carolina
20136 more weeks of winter[84]Octorara OrphieQuarryville, Pennsylvania
20136 more weeks of spring[85]Pierre C. ShadeauxNew Iberia, Louisiana
20136 more weeks of winter[86]Pine Grove GroverPine Grove, Pennsylvania
20136 more weeks of winter[77]Poor RichardYork, Pennsylvania
2013Early spring[87]Potomac PhilWashington, D.C.
2013Early spring[88] Punxsutawney PhilPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2013Early spring[79]Shubenacadie SamShubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2013Early spring[89]Staten Island ChuckStaten Island, New York City, New York
20136 more weeks of winter[81]Stormy MarmotAurora, Colorado
20136 more weeks of winter[77]Susquehanna ShermanMount Wolf, Pennsylvania
2013Early spring[90]T-Boy the NutriaNew Orleans, Louisiana
20136 more weeks of winter[91]Western Maryland MurrayCumberland, Maryland
2013Early spring[79] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
2013Early spring[79]Winnipeg WillowWinnipeg, Manitoba
2013Early spring[92]WoodyHowell, Michigan
20126 more weeks of winter[93]Balzac BillyBalzac, Alberta
2012Early spring[94] Buckeye Chuck Marion, Ohio
2012Early spring[95]Chattanooga ChuckChattanooga, Tennessee
20126 more weeks of winterChesapeake ChuckNewport News, Virginia
2012Early spring[96]ChucklesManchester, Connecticut
2012Early spring[97]Dover DougDover, Pennsylvania
2012Early spring[98]Dunkirk DaveDunkirk, New York
20126 more weeks of winter[99]FredVal d'Espoir, Quebec
2012Early spring[100]French Creek FreddieFrench Creek, West Virginia
2012Early spring[101]General Beauregard LeeLilburn, Georgia
20126 more weeks of winter[102]Grady the GroundhogChimney Rock, North Carolina
2012Early spring[103]GusAthens, Georgia
2012Early spring[104]Holtsville HalHoltsville, New York
2012Early spring[105]Jimmy the GroundhogSun Prairie, Wisconsin
20126 more weeks of winter[106]Malverne MelMalverne, New York
2012Early spring[107]MortimerGarner, North Carolina
20126 more weeks of winter[108]Mount Joy MinnieLancaster County, Pennsylvania
2012Early spring[102]NibblesAsheville, North Carolina
2012Early spring[109]Octoraro OrphieQuarryville, Pennsylvania
2012Early spring[108]Patty PagodaReading, Pennsylvania
20126 more weeks of spring[110]Pierre C. ShadeauxNew Iberia, Louisiana
2012Early spring[97]Poor RichardYork, Pennsylvania
20126 more weeks of winter[111]Punxsutawney PhilPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania
20126 more weeks of winter[112]Queen CharlotteCharlotte, North Carolina
2012Early spring[113]Shubenacadie SamShubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2012Early spring[114]Sir Thomas HastingsHastings, Nebraska
20126 more weeks of winter[107]Sir Walter WallyRaleigh, North Carolina
2012Early spring[115]Staten Island Chuck Staten Island, New York City, New York
2012Early spring[116]Stormy MarmotAurora, Colorado
2012Early spring[97]Susquehanna ShermanMount Wolf, Pennsylvania
2012Early spring[117]T-Boy the NutriaNew Orleans, Louisiana
20126 more weeks of winter[118]UniMyerstown, Pennsylvania
20126 more weeks of winter[119]Western Maryland MurrayCumberland, Maryland
2012Early spring[120] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
2012Early spring[121]Woodstock WillieWoodstock, Illinois
2012Early spring[122]WoodyHowell, Michigan
2012Early spring[123]Wynter the GroundhogMilwaukee, Wisconsin
20116 more weeks of winter[124]Balzac BillyBalzac, Alberta
2011Early spring[125] Buckeye Chuck Marion, Ohio
20116 more weeks of winterChesapeake ChuckNewport News, Virginia
2011Early spring[126]ChucklesManchester, Connecticut
20116 more weeks of winter[127]Dover DougDover, Pennsylvania
2011Early spring[128]Dunkirk DaveDunkirk, New York
2011Early spring[129]French Creek FreddieFrench Creek, West Virginia
2011Early spring[130]General Beauregard LeeLilburn, Georgia
2011Early spring[131]Grady the GroundhogChimney Rock, North Carolina
2011Early spring[132]GusAthens, Georgia
20116 more weeks of winter[133]Holtsville HalHoltsville, New York
2011Early spring[134]Jimmy the GroundhogSun Prairie, Wisconsin
2011Early spring[135]Malverne MelMalverne, New York
20116 more weeks of winter[136]Octoraro OrphieQuarryville, Pennsylvania
2011Early summer[137]Pierre C. ShadeauxNew Iberia, Louisiana
20116 more weeks of winter[127]Poor RichardYork, Pennsylvania
2011Early spring[138]Punxsutawney PhilPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2011Early spring[139]Shubenacadie SamShubenacadie, Nova Scotia
20116 more weeks of winter[140]Sir Walter WallyRaleigh, North Carolina
2011Early spring[141]Staten Island Chuck Staten Island, New York City, New York
20116 more weeks of winter[142]Stormy MarmotAurora, Colorado
2011Early spring[127]Susquehanna ShermanMount Wolf, Pennsylvania
2011Early spring[143]T-Boy the NutriaNew Orleans, Louisiana
2011Early spring[144]TumbleweedBrookfield, Illinois
20116 more weeks of winter[145]UniMyerstown, Pennsylvania
20116 more weeks of winter[146]Western Maryland MurrayCumberland, Maryland
2011Early spring[139] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
20116 more weeks of winter[122]WoodyHowell, Michigan
2010Early spring[147]Balzac BillyBalzac, Alberta
2010Early spring[148] Buckeye Chuck Marion, Ohio
2010Early spring[149]Dunkirk DaveDunkirk, New York
2010Early spring[150]French Creek FreddieFrench Creek, West Virginia
2010Early spring[151]General Beauregard LeeLilburn, Georgia
2010Early spring[152]GusAthens, Georgia
2010Early spring[153]Jimmy the GroundhogSun Prairie, Wisconsin
2010Early spring[154]Octoraro OrphieQuarryville, Pennsylvania
20106 more weeks of spring[155]Pierre C. ShadeauxNew Iberia, Louisiana
20106 more weeks of winterPoor RichardYork, Pennsylvania
20106 more weeks of winter[111]Punxsutawney PhilPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2010Early spring[152]Queen CharlotteCharlotte, North Carolina
20106 more weeks of winterShubenacadie SamShubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2010Early spring[156]Sir Walter WallyRaleigh, North Carolina
20106 more weeks of winter[157]Smith Lake JakeGraysville, Alabama
2010Early spring[158]Staten Island ChuckStaten Island, New York City, New York
2010Early spring[159]UniMyerstown, Pennsylvania
20106 more weeks of winter[160] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
2010Early spring[161]Woodstock WillieWoodstock, Illinois
20096 more weeks of winter[162] Buckeye Chuck Marion, Ohio
2009Early spring[163]Dunkirk DaveDunkirk, New York
2009Early spring[164]French Creek FreddieFrench Creek, West Virginia
20096 more weeks of winter[152]GusAthens, Georgia
20096 more weeks of winter[165]Jimmy the GroundhogSun Prairie, Wisconsin
2009Early spring[166]Malverne MelMalverne, New York
20096 more weeks of winter[167]Octoraro OrphieQuarryville, Pennsylvania
20096 more weeks of spring[168]Pierre C. ShadeauxNew Iberia, Louisiana
20096 more weeks of winter[169]Punxsutawney PhilPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania
2009Early spring[170]Queen Charlotte Charlotte, North Carolina
20096 more weeks of winter[171]Shubenacadie SamShubenacadie, Nova Scotia
2009Early spring[172]Staten Island Chuck Staten Island, New York City, New York
20096 more weeks of winter[171] Wiarton Willie Wiarton, Ontario
20096 more weeks of winter[173]Woodstock WillieWoodstock, Illinois
2008Early spring[174]Balzac BillyBalzac, Alberta
2008Early spring[175] Buckeye ChuckMarion, Ohio
2008Early spring[176]Dunkirk DaveDunkirk, New York
2008Early spring[177]General Beauregard LeeLilburn, Georgia
2008Early spring[178]Jimmy the GroundhogSun Prairie, Wisconsin
2008Early spring[179]Malverne MelMalverne, New York
20086 more weeks of spring[180]Pierre C. ShadeauxNew Iberia, Louisiana
20086 more weeks of winter[111]Punxsutawney PhilPunxsutawney, Pennsylvania
20086 more weeks of winter[177]Queen CharlotteCharlotte, North Carolina
20086 more weeks of winter[181]Sir Walter WallyRaleigh, North Carolina
20086 more weeks of winter[169]Smith Lake JakeGraysville, Alabama
2008Early spring[179]Staten Island ChuckStaten Island, New York City, New York
2008Early spring[174]Wiarton WillieWiarton, Ontario

Meteorological accuracy

According to Groundhog Day organizers, the rodents' forecasts are accurate 75% to 90% of the time.[182] However, a Canadian study for 13 cities in the past 30 to 40 years found that the weather patterns predicted on Groundhog Day were only 37% accurate over that time period.[182] According to the StormFax Weather Almanac and records kept since 1887, Punxsutawney Phil's weather predictions have been correct 39% of the time.[111] The National Climatic Data Center has described the forecasts as "on average, inaccurate" and stated that "[the] groundhog has shown no talent for predicting the arrival of spring, especially in recent years."[183]

In popular culture

Similar customs

A similar custom is celebrated among Orthodox Christians in Serbia on February 15 (February 2 according to the local religious Julian calendar) during the feast of celebration of Sretenje or The Meeting of the Lord (Candlemas). It is believed that the bear will awaken from winter dormancy on this day, and if it sees (meets) its own shadow in this sleepy and confused state, it will get scared and go back to sleep for an additional 40 days, thus prolonging the winter. Thus, if it is sunny on Sretenje, it is a sign that the winter is not over yet. If it is cloudy, it is a good sign that the winter is about to end.

In Germany, June 27 is Siebenschläfertag (Seven Sleepers Day). If it rains that day, the rest of summer is supposedly going to be rainy. It might seem to refer to the "Siebenschläfer" squirrel (Glis glis), also known as the "edible dormouse", but it actually commemorates the Seven Sleepers (the actual commemoration day is July 25).

In the United Kingdom, July 15 is known as St Swithun's day. It was traditionally believed that, if it rained on that day, it would rain for the next 40 days and nights.

Mojave Max, a desert tortoise

Even within the U.S. Groundhog Day is not necessarily observed uniformly throughout the entire country; it is sometimes acknowledged differently in western and southeastern states where groundhogs are generally not considered indigenous. In the state of Alaska, for example, Marmot Day is celebrated on February 2 instead.

Likewise the Red Rock Canyon National Conservation Area in Clark County, Nevada is home to a similar tradition that has been observed since 2000 with a desert tortoise named Mojave Max.[186]

Louisiana celebrations also vary somewhat from the traditional Groundhog Day theme. Since about the late 1980s, Groundhog Day in New Orleans has featured T-Boy the Nutria, a coypu based at the Audubon Zoo.[187] Since 1997 Pierre C. Shadeaux, also a coypu, has been the focus of "Cajun Groundhog Day" festivities in New Iberia. Because of Louisiana's subtropical climate, Pierre actually forecasts either a longer spring or an earlier summer, as opposed to the usual groundhog options of a longer winter or an earlier spring.[168] Another Louisiana tradition influenced by Groundhog Day occurs in Shreveport[70] on February 1—one day before Groundhog Day—centering on Claude the Cajun Crawfish.[188] Claude annually predicts the weather for Northwest Louisiana-area parades held during Mardi Gras season, a season that has a long history in Louisiana but also happens to overlap with Groundhog Day festivities.[188]

Incidents

Several unforeseen incidents have involved animals handled during Groundhog Day events. During New York City's annual Groundhog Day event at the Staten Island Zoo on February 2, 2009, a groundhog named "Chuck" drew blood when biting Mayor Michael Bloomberg's gloved finger while Bloomberg was trying to lure Chuck out of his wooden shelter.[189] Five years later, on February 2, 2014, Bloomberg's mayoral successor, Bill de Blasio, dropped "Chuck" (subsequently revealed to be Chuck's granddaughter, "Charlotte"), who seven days later died of "acute internal injuries".[72][190] At the city's next Groundhog Day event on February 2, 2015, "Staten Island Chuck" walked out of a hutch that an elevator had lifted onto the stage of a portable Plexiglass-enclosed habitat, while de Blasio watched from six feet away.[57][191]

During Sun Prairie, Wisconsin's annual Groundhog Day celebration on February 2, 2015, "Jimmy the Groundhog" bit Mayor Jonathan Freund's ear while being held by Jimmy's caretaker.[48] The next day, Freund issued a proclamation that officially pardoned and absolved Jimmy "of any perceived wrongdoing and charges" under the city's ordinance. The proclamation stated that Jimmy had "created an international media sensation, thereby helping the world to learn more about our great City".[192]

Following the biting incident, the United States Department of Agriculture and the Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources informed the organization that had sponsored Sun Prairie's celebration that capturing wild animals for exhibit was against the law.[193][194] The organization's manager then reported that Jimmy had escaped from his hutch before she could respond to these complaints.[193] Sun Prairie's next Groundhog Day celebration on February 2, 2016, featured a caged groundhog purchased for $1,200, an elected costumed "mascot" and a different mayor.[194][195]

See also

Notes

  1. Cohen, p. 57.
  2. Yoder, p. xii.
  3. Rosenberger, Homer Tope (1966). The Pennsylvania Germans: 1891–1965. Lancaster, PA: Pennsylvania German Society. pp. 194–199. OCLC 1745108.
  4. "10 Things You Didn't Know About Groundhog Day". LCstyle. Retrieved 2016-01-22.
  5. "Pennsylvania Town Awaits Groundhog Day". New York Times. February 2, 1986. Retrieved January 27, 2011.
  6. Yoder, pp. 14–15.
  7. Yoder, p. i.
  8. Yoder, p. 43.
  9. History Society of Berks County, Reading, Pennsylvania.
  10. The attribution to the "Germans" may be based on some German Bauernregeln (farmers' rules) like this one: Wenn sich der Dachs zu Lichtmeß sonnt, so gehet er wieder auf vier Wochen in sein Loch. (If the badger is in the sun at Candlemas, he will have to go back into his hole for another four weeks. Joseph Arnold Lewenau : Der angewandte Fresenius; oder, Sammlung geordneter allgemeiner Witterungs- und sogenannter Bauernregeln: mit beygefügten Erklärungen ihres Grundes und vernünftigen Sinnes zu einem nützlichen Gebrauch ... vorzüglich beym Betriebe der Landwirthschaft. Vienna: J.G. Mösle, 1823, p. 20.
  11. Groundhog Day, Margaret Kruesi. Journal of American Folklore. Washington: Summer 2007. Vol. 120, Iss. 477; p. 367+.
  12. Coin, Glenn (February 1, 2015). Groundhog Day 2016: Do you trust a rodent to predict the weather? Syracuse Post-Standard. Retrieved February 1, 2016.
  13. Park, PhD, David (2006). "Happy Groundhog Day to You!". Retrieved February 2, 2009.
  14. Yoder, p. 9.
  15. Yoder, pp. 19–28.
  16. Yoder, pp. 29–30.
  17. Yoder, pp. 30-31.
  18. Yoder, pp. 33.
  19. "Hopeful Canadians look to Groundhog Day for predictions of an early spring". Canadian Press. February 2, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  20. "Shubenacadie Sam prepping for Groundhog Day". King's County Register. January 30, 2014. Retrieved February 20, 2014.
  21. Colleges in the Midwest: Compare Colleges in Your Region (24 ed.). Peterson's. 2009. p. 298. ISBN 9780768926903. Retrieved February 1, 2013.
  22. Carter, Andrew, Marion Star (February 2, 2016). "Buckeye Chuck: 6 more weeks of winter". WKYC. Archived from the original on February 16, 2016. Retrieved February 16, 2016.
  23. Green, Kevin (February 2, 2016). "Chesapeake Chuck sees his shadow, predicts more winter". WAVY-TV. Archived from the original on February 3, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  24. "Chuckles VIII Predicts An Early Spring". courant.com. February 2, 2016.
  25. Will, Bob (February 2, 2016). "Ground Hog Day 2016". Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  26. Morris, Mike (February 2, 2016). "Georgia groundhog predicts early spring". Atlanta Journal-Constitution. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  27. "Jimmy the Groundhog predicts early spring". Madison, Wisconsin: WISC-TV. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  28. "Pierre C. Shadeaux delivers again, sees no shadow to forecast long spring". iberianet.com. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 6, 2016.
  29. Samenow, Jason (February 2, 2016). "Groundhog Day 2016: Punxsutawney Phil sees no shadow, predicts early spring". Capital Weather Gang. Washington, D.C.: The Washington Post. Archived from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  30. "Groundhog Day: Shubenacadie Sam, Punxsutawney Phil predict early spring". CTV News. February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  31. Rosenberg, Eli (February 2, 2016). "Staten Island Groundhog Makes Star Turn, This Year Without de Blasio". N.Y./Region. New York, New York: The New York Times. Archived from the original on February 14, 2016. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  32. "Happy Groundhog Day!". asnaggydime.com. February 2, 2016.
  33. Mike Scott (February 2, 2016). "Groundhog Day 2016: T-boy the nutria predicts early spring". nola.com. Retrieved February 7, 2016.
  34. "No shadow for Woodstock Willie, spring coming early". February 2, 2016. Retrieved February 2, 2016.
  35. Ramsay, Melissa (February 2, 2015). "Balzac Billy predicts an early spring". CICT. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  36. "Chuck says early spring; Phil disagrees". The Marion Star. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  37. "Chattanooga Chuck Predicts 6 More Weeks Of Winter". WTVC. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  38. "VLM Groundhog Chesapeake Chuck predicts Early Spring 2015". Newport News, Virginia: Virginia Living Museum. February 3, 2015. Archived from the original on September 10, 2015. Retrieved February 14, 2016.
  39. "Chuckles predicts six more weeks of winter". The Hartford Courant. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  40. 1 2 3 Rios, Alejandro (February 2, 2015). "2 of Lancaster County's 3 groundhogs predict early spring". LancasterOnline. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  41. 1 2 Kauffmann, Christina (February 2, 2015). "York's groundhogs predict both more spring and more winter". The York Dispatch. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  42. Will, Bob (February 2, 2015). "Ground Hog Day 2015". Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  43. "Fred la marmotte : encore six semaines d'hiver!". Radio-Canada. February 2, 2015. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
  44. Watson, Lindsey (February 2, 2015). "French Creek Freddie Predicts an Early Spring". WDTV. Retrieved February 2, 2015.
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References

Further reading

External links

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