Grizzled giant squirrel

Grizzled giant squirrel
The highland subspecies of giant squirrel, with denser fur
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Rodentia
Family: Sciuridae
Genus: Ratufa
Species: R. macroura
Binomial name
Ratufa macroura
(Pennant, 1769)
Subspecies[2]
  • R. m. macroura
  • R. m. dandolena
  • R. m. melanochra
Grizzled giant squirrel range
Synonyms

Ratufa macroura Phillips, 1931 subspecies sinhala
Ratufa macrurus Blyth, 1859 subspecies albipes
Sciurus ceilonensis Boddaert, 1785
Sciurus ceylonensis Erxleben, 1777
Sciurus ceylonica (Erxleben, 1777)
Sciurus macrourus Pennant, 1769
Sciurus macrourus Kelaart, 1852 variety monatnus
Sciurus macrourus (Kelaart, 1852) variety montana
Sciurus macrura Blanford, 1891
Sciurus tennentii Blyth, 1849
Sciurus zeyllanicus Day, 1693

The grizzled giant squirrel (Ratufa macroura) is a large tree squirrel in the genus Ratufa found in the highlands of the Central and Uva provinces of Sri Lanka, and in patches of riparian forest along the Kaveri River and in the hill forests of Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Kerala states of southern India.[3] The International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) lists the species as near threatened due to habitat loss and hunting.

It is the national animal of Sri Lanka.

There are three subspecies, all of which are found in Sri Lanka. The subspecies R. m. dandolena (taken from the Sinhalese language name for the grizzled giant squirrel, dhandu laena-දඩු ලේනා) is also found in India.

Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary is located in Shenbagathoppu, Srivilliputtur, Tamil Nadu, India.

Etymology and common names

Grizzled giant squirrels are named for the white flecks of hair that cover their greyish-brown bodies, giving them a grizzled look.[4]

An infant of a Sri Lankan giant squirrel is called a 'pup', 'kit' or 'kitten'. A female or male is called a 'doe' or 'buck', respectively. A group is called a 'dray' or 'scurry'.[5]

Description

Illustration of Ratufa macroura

R. macroura is the smallest of the giant squirrels found in the Indian subcontinent, with a head and body length of 25 to 45 centimetres (9.8 to 17.7 in), and tail measuring roughly the same or more, for a total length of 50 to 90 centimetres (20 to 35 in). It has small rounded ears with pointed tufts. The home range of an individual is between 1,970 and 6,110 square metres.

Subspecies dandolena is dorsally brown grizzled with white. Ventrally light brownish cream. Tail frosted with white fur. Forehead and feet are black in color. Whereas ssp. melamochra, upper parts are jet black which contrast brownish cream to orange yellow ventral surface. Tail frosted with black fur. Snout of both ssp. are pinkish color.

Hands are normally pentadactylous, with four digits and a rudimentary thumb. Fingers have large broad soft pads, where the inner pad is expanded for gripping while moving through branches. Feet are also comprised with soft pads with both fore and hind limbs possessing long, sharp claws.[6]

Distribution

In India, R. macroura has been recorded from Grizzled Squirrel Wildlife Sanctuary, Theni Forest Division, Palni Hills, Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Anaimalai Tiger reserve, Sirumalai, Thiruvannamalai Forest Division of the Eastern Ghats, Hosur Forest Division and Cauvery Wildlife Sanctuary.[7]

In Sri Lanka, it is recorded from all parts of the dry zone, specially in Anuradhapura, Mihintale, Kandalama, Matale, Wasgamuwa, and Central Hills and Uva Province.

Ratufa macroura macroura
Ratufa macroura melanochra

Diet

Ratufa macroura are known to eat fruits, nuts, insects, bird eggs, and the bark of some trees. The fruit of the climber Combretum ovalifolium is an especially important food source where it occurs. Young squirrels, upon first emerging from the nest, have been observed to feed exclusively on this fruit.[8]

Ecology

The species is almost entirely an arboreal, very rarely coming to the ground to escape from predators, to flee from an intruder, attack males of the territory, and connecting with females. Their vision is good, which aids them in detecting predators. Their sense of hearing is relatively poor.[6]

Unlike its relatives, the giant squirrel balances using its two hind feet, instead of its tail.

Communication

The call is staccato and loud with repeated shrill cackle. It is usually uttered in morning and evening. A low "churr" is also used to communicate with nearby groups.

Subspecies

The three subspecies are easily recognizable due to color distinctions. They are also geographically separated demes. The table below lists the three recognized subspecies of Ratufa macroura, along with any synonyms associated with each subspecies:[2]

Ratufa macroura taxonomy
Subspecies Authority Synonyms
R. m. macroura Pennant (1769) albipes, ceilonensis, ceylonica, macrura, montana, tennentii
R. m. dandolena Thomas and Wroughton (1915) sinhala
R. m. melanochra Thomas and Wroughton (1915) none

According to Mammals of Sri Lanka, the three subspecies are identified as follows:

Males are 35 cm long and females with 37 cm. Tail is 37 cm long in males and 38 cm in females. Jet black dorsal area with a sheen. Rump with white grizzling appearance. Underparts brownish creamy to pale yellow. Tail is with dark black fur with white tip. Face has pink color in naked areas. Fur moderately long with few coarse hairs. Geographically, this subspecies is restricted to central highlands up to 2000m, such as Horton Plains.

Males are 37 cm long and females 35 cm. Tail varies from 37 cm in males and 40 cm in females. Males are larger than females. Dorsal surface is brown instead of jet black in subsp. macroura. White rump. Distinct maroon tinge between shoulders. There is a brownish cream crown patch. Underparts are light brownish cream. Tail is dark brown and there is a reddish-brown tip. Fleshy parts of face are pink. Fur moderately long and coarse. Inhabit dry zone parts of the island, as well as India.

Males are 35 cm long and females 37 cm. Tail varies from 37 cm in males and 38 cm in females. Upperparts are jet black with contrasting color variation with creamy yellowish ventral surface. Fur is shorter and coarser. Found in low country wet zone, and intermediate zones of the country.

References

  1. ↑ Joshua, J.; de A. Goonatilake, W.I.L.D.P.T.S.; Molur, S. (2016). "Ratufa macroura". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. IUCN. 2016: e.T19381A88692269. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2008.RLTS.T19381A88692269.en. Retrieved 27 August 2016.
  2. 1 2 Thorington, R.W., Jr.; Hoffman, R.S. (2005). "Family Sciuridae". In Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 757. ISBN 978-0-8018-8221-0. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ↑ Srinivasulu, C.; Chakraborty, S.; Pradhan, M.S. (February 2004). "Checklist of sciurids (mammalia: rodentia: sciuridae) of south Asia" (.pdf). Zoos' Print Journal. Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu, India: Zoo Outreach Organisation. 19 (2): 1356. ISSN 0973-2535. OCLC 61770409. Retrieved 28 March 2010.
  4. ↑ http://animaladay.blogspot.com/2012/09/grizzled-giant-squirrel.html
  5. ↑ http://thewebsiteofeverything.com/animals/mammals/Rodentia/Sciuridae/Ratufa/Ratufa-macroura.html
  6. 1 2 Yapa, A.; Ratnavira, G. (2013). Mammals of Sri Lanka. Colombo: Field Ornithology Group of Sri Lanka. p. 1012. ISBN 978-955-8576-32-8.
  7. ↑ Babu, S.; Kalaimani, A. (26 February 2014). "New site record of Grizzled Giant Squirrel Ratufa macroura from Thiruvannamalai Forest Division, Eastern Ghats, Tamil Nadu, India" (.pdf). Journal of Threatened Taxa. doi:10.11609/JoTT.o3680.5492-3. Retrieved 12 March 2014.
  8. ↑ Kane, E. (1999). "Ratufa macroura - Sri Lankan giant squirrel". Animal Diversity Wrb. University of Michigan, Dept of Zoology. Retrieved 1 June 2014.
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