Graphis (lichen)
| Graphis | |
|---|---|
.jpg) | |
| Graphis scripta (lirellae) | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Fungi |
| Division: | Ascomycota |
| Class: | Lecanoromycetes |
| Order: | Ostropales |
| Family: | Graphidaceae |
| Genus: | Graphis Adans. (1763) |
| Type species | |
| Graphis scripta (L.) Ach. (1809) | |
| Synonyms[1] | |
Graphis is a genus of lichenized fungi in the family Graphidaceae.[2] According to the Dictionary of the Fungi (10th edition, 2008), the widespread genus contains 386 species.[3]
Graphidaceae is one of the most prevailing species in lichen communities, though its classification is not well developed.
Previously, the graphidoid members of Graphidaceae sensu were divided into the genera Graphis, Graphina, Phaeographis, and Phaeographina, contingent on if the ascospores are septate or muriform, colorless or greyish brown. Septate in terms of mycology refers to the condition where there is a lack of partition dividing filamentous hyphae into discrete cells in fungi. This notion was thought of as synthetic and adjustments of Acanthothecis and Dyplolabia changed the method to a more natural generic classification of the family.[4]
A set of characteristics such as excipulum and hamathecium structure, ascospore color and iodine reaction, and chemistry, was suggested to reach a much more sufficient genus model. The excipulum is the cup shaped tissue that holds the hymenium, asci, in the apothecium. The hamathecium is the hypha emerging between the asci of the hymenium.[4]
Thallus color, thallus cortex, vegetative propagules, lirella emergence, thalline margine of lirella, relative length and branching of lirellae, disc exposure, labia and disc pruinosity, labium striation, excipulum carbonization, hymenium inspersion, and ascospores are all considered when characterizing Graphis.[4]
- Thallus color- The majority of Graphis species have a large amount of calcium oxalate crystals in the photobiont layer and which results in a white-grey thallus. Some but few taxa have an olive-green color close to Phaeographis and other related species because the crystal clusters are located below the photobiont layer instead of in or above layer. Staining in the herbarium constituent is common and due to incorrect aeration causing breakdown of secondary substances. In these cases, a hand-cut section of the thallus aids to classify the thallus type and regular color.[4]
- Thallus cortex- Species with a corticate thallus have a compact, slightly shiny exterior, whereas ecorticate taxa show a lusterless, coarse or farinose thallus under the dissecting microscope. If present, a cortex is recognized as a thin but characteristic, hyaline layer of condensed, parallel hyphae in hand-cut sections under the compound microscope.[4]
- Vegetative propagules- Only four species have isidia and one has soralia which are powdery propagules composed of fungal hyphae. Isidia are the vegetative reproductive structures in lichens and are usually numerous in G. isidiata, G. isidiza, and G. patwardhanii, but scattered and easily overlooked in G. stellata, so vigilant examination of the thallus surface is necessary.[4]
Selected species
- Graphis alboscripta
- Graphis albotecta
- Graphis alpestris
- Graphis analoga
- Graphis anfractuosa
- Graphis antillarum
- Graphis aperiens
- Graphis apertella
- Graphis appendiculata
- Graphis archeri
- Graphis breussii
- Graphis bulacana
- Graphis caesiella
- Graphis carassensis
- Graphis caribica
- Graphis centrifuga
- Graphis cerradensis
- Graphis cervina
- Graphis chlorotica
- Graphis chrysocarpa
- Graphis cincta
- Graphis cinerea
- Graphis componens
- Graphis conturbata
- Graphis crassilabra
- Graphis crystallifera
- Graphis cycasicola
- Graphis dealbata
- Graphis dendrogramma
- Graphis descissa
- Graphis disserpens
- Graphis duplicata
- Graphis dussii
- Graphis eimeoensis
- Graphis elegans
- Graphis elixiana
- Graphis emersa
- Graphis epimelaeana
- Graphis flavopalmicola
- Graphis geraensis
- Graphis glaucescens
- Graphis gloriosensis
- Graphis hyphosa
- Graphis illota
- Graphis immersella
- Graphis insulana
- Graphis invisibilis
- Graphis isidiza
- Graphis itatiaiensis
- Graphis knucklensis
- Graphis leprographa
- Graphis librata
- Graphis lineola
- Graphis lueckingii
- Graphis lumbricina
- Graphis macella
- Graphis maritima
- Graphis marusae
- Graphis mexicana
- Graphis mucronata
- Graphis paranaensis
- Graphis parvicarpa
- Graphis pavoniana
- Graphis proserpens
- Graphis pseudoanaloga
- Graphis pseudosophistica
- Graphis rigidula
- Graphis sauroidea
- Graphis saxicola
- Graphis saxorum
- Graphis sayeri
- Graphis schroederi
- Graphis scripta
- Graphis serpens
- Graphis srilankensis
- Graphis striatula
- Graphis subimmersa
- Graphis subolivacea
- Graphis subserpentina
- Graphis subvirginea
- Graphis sundarbanensis
- Graphis symplecta
- Graphis tenella
- Graphis tenuirima
- Graphis tetralocularis
- Graphis vestitoides
- Graphis vinosa
- Graphis virescens
- Graphis xanthospora
References
- ↑ "Graphis Adans. 1763". MycoBank. International Mycological Association. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ↑ Lumbsch TH, Huhndorf SM (December 2007). "Outline of Ascomycota – 2007". Myconet. Chicago, USA: The Field Museum, Department of Botany. 13: 1–58. Retrieved 2011-06-21.
- ↑ Kirk PM, Cannon PF, Minter DW, Stalpers JA (2008). Dictionary of the Fungi (10th ed.). Wallingford, UK: CABI. p. 293. ISBN 978-0-85199-826-8.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 "A world-wide key to the genus Graphis (Ostropales: Graphidaceae)". ResearchGate. doi:10.1017/S0024282909008305. Retrieved 2015-12-08.