Governorate of Livonia

Governorate of Livonia
Лифляндская губерния
Liflyandskaya guberniya

1721–1918


Flag	Coat of arms

{{#if:Riga|

Capital

Riga

History

•

Established (de facto)

28 July 1713

•

Established (de jure)

10 September 1721

•

Renamed

1796

•

Divided

12 April 1917

•

Treaty of Brest-Litovsk

3 March 1918

•

Disestablished

12 April 1918

Population

•

(1897)

1,299,365

Political subdivisions

Today part of

Estonia,

Latvia

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Livonian and Estonian Governorates

The Governorate of Livonia^[1] (Russian: Лифляндская губерния, Liflyandskaya guberniya. German: Gouvernement Livland, Livländisches Gouvernement), (Latvian: Vidzemes guberņa, after the Latvian inhabited Vidzeme region) was one of the Baltic governorates of the Russian Empire, now divided between the Republic of Latvia and the Republic of Estonia.

History

Map of Riga and Reval Lieutenancies, 1783

After the capitulation of Estonia and Livonia in 1710, on July 28, 1713 Peter the Great created the Riga Governorate (Russian: Рижская губерния) which also included Smolensk Uyezd, Dorogobuzh Uyezd, Roslavl Uyezd and Vyazma Uyezd of Smolensk Governorate.

Sweden formally ceded Swedish Livonia to Russia in 1721 with the Treaty of Nystad. In 1722 Tartu County was added to Riga Governorate. In 1726 Smolensk Governorate was separated from Governorate, which now had five provinces - Rīga, Cēsis, Tartu, Pärnu and Saaremaa. In 1783 the Sloka County was added. On July 3, 1783 Catherine the Great reorganized Governorate into Riga Lieutenancy. Only in 1796, after the Third Partition of Poland this territory was renamed as the Governorate of Livonia.

Until late 19th century the governorate was not ruled by Russian laws but was administered autonomously by the local German Baltic nobility through feudal Landtag (Liefländischer Landtag).^[2] German nobles insisted on preserving their privileges and use of German language.

After the Russian February Revolution in 1917, the northern part of the Governorate of Livonia was combined with the Governorate of Estonia to form a new Autonomous Governorate of Estonia. The Autonomous Governorate of Estonia issued the Estonian Declaration of Independence on 24 February 1918, one day before it was occupied by German troops during World War I.

With the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk on 3 March 1918, Bolshevik Russia accepted the loss of the Livland Governorate and by agreements concluded in Berlin on 27 August 1918, the Autonomous Governorate of Estonia and the Governorate of Livonia were severed from Russia.^[3]

Administrative division

The Governorate of Livonia was divided into 9 counties (Kreis).

#	County	County city (pop.)	Area, sq versta	Population^[4]
1	Kreis Walk	Walk (10,922)	5298.7	120,585
2	Kreis Wenden	Wenden (6,356)	4953.7	124,208
3	Kreis Werro	Werro (4,152)	3744.2	97,185
4	Kreis Wolmar	Wolmar (5,050)	4358.1	112836
5	Kreis Pernau	Pernau (12,898)	4694.9	98,123
6	Kreis Riga	Riga (282,230)	5468.4	396,101
7	Kreis Fellin	Fellin (736)	4015.2	99,747
8	Kreis Ösel	Arensburg (4603)	2515.5	60,263
9	Kreis Dorpat	Dorpat (Yuriev) (42,308)	6276.7	190,317

Note: After the February Revolution based on declaration of the Provisional Government of Russia of 30 March 1917 "About the autonomy of Estland", the Government of Livland was divided: five northern counties (Kreis) with the Estonian population (Yuriev (Derpt), Pernov, Fellin, Verro and Ezel) as well as the populated by the Estonians townships of Valk county were all included into the composition of the neighboring Governorate of Estonia. However the new border between the Governments of Estonia and Livland was never properly demarcated.

Languages

By the Imperial census of 1897.^[4] In bold are languages spoken by more people than the state language.


Language	Number	percentage (%)	males	females
Latvian	563,929	43.4	271,215	292,714
Estonian	518,594	39.91	247,348	271,246
German	98 573	7.58	44,770	53,803
Russian	68,124	5.24	38,844	29,280
Yiddish	23,728	1.82	12,189	11,539
Polish	15,132	1.16	8,321	6,811
Lithuanian	6,594	0.5	4,131	2,463
Persons that did not name their native language	154	>0.1	71	83
Other^[5]	4,537	0.34	3,109	1,428
Total	1,299,365	100	629,992	669,373

List of governors

1712–1719 Aleksandr Danilovich Menshikov
1719–1726 Anikita Repnin
1727–1751 Peter Lacy
1734–1736 Karl von Hochmuth (lieutenant governor)
1751–1753 Vladimir Petrovich Dolgorukiy
1753–1758 Pyotr Vojeikov (vice governor)
1758–1761 Vladimir Petrovich Dolgorukiy
1762–1791 George von Browne
1792–1798 Nicholas Repnin
1798–1800 Ludwig von Nagell
1800–1801 Peter Ludwig von der Pahlen
1801–1803 Sergei Fyodorovich Golitsyn
1803–1807 Friedrich Wilhelm von Buxhoeveden
1807–1810 Ivan Repjev
1810–1812 Dmitry Ivanovich Lobanov-Rostovsky
1812–1812 Johann Magnus von Essen
1812–1829 Filippo Paulucci
1829–1845 Carl Magnus von der Pahlen
1845–1848 Yevgeny Golovin
1848–1861 Alexander Arkadyevich Suvorov
1861–1864 Wilhelm Heinrich von Lieven
1864–1866 Pyotr Andreyevich Shuvalov
1866–1866 Eduard Baranov
1866–1876 Peter Bagrationi
1876–1883 Alexander von Üxküll-Güldenband
1883–1885 Ivan Shevich
1885–1895 Mikhail Zinovjev
1895–1900 Vladimir Surovcev
1901–1905 Mikhail Pashkov
1905–1906 Vasily Sollogub
1906–1909 Alexander Möller-Zakomelskiy
1909–1914 Nikolay Zvegincev
1914–1916 Arkadiy Kelepovskiy
1916–1917 Nikolay Lavrinovskiy
1917 Sergei Shidlovskiy
1917 Andrejs Krastkalns (Commissioner of the Russian Provisional Government from 18 March until 3 April)

References and notes

↑ The Baltic States from 1914 to 1923 By LtCol Andrew Parrott
↑ Smith, David James (2005). The Baltic States and Their Region. Rodopi. ISBN 978-90-420-1666-8.
↑ The Baltic States and Weimar Ostpolitik By John Hiden
1 2 Language Statistics of 1897 (Russian)
↑ Languages, number of speakers which in all gubernia were less than 1000

Subdivisions of the Russian Empire

Governorates (List)	Azov¹ Altai² Arkhangelsk Archangelgorod* Astrakhan Belgorod Bessarabia Bratslav Byelorussia Caucasus Chernigov Grodno Finland Iziaslav Ingermanland Irkutsk (ru) Kazan Kaluga Kiev (1708) Kiev Kharkov Kherson Kholm Kovno Kolyvan Kostroma Kursk Lithuania Little Russia (1764) Little Russia (1796) Minsk Mogilev Moscow Nikolayev Nizhny Novgorod Novhorod-Siverskyi Novgorod Novorossiysk Olonets Orenburg Oryol Penza Perm Petrograd² Podolia Polotsk* Poltava Pskov Ryazan Samara Saint Petersburg Saratov Siberia Simbirsk Sloboda Ukraine Slonim Smolensk Stavropol Taurida Tambov Tver Tobolsk Tomsk Tula Ufa Vilna Vitebsk Vladimir Voznesensk Vologda Volhynian Voronezh Vyatka Vyborg Yaroslavl Yekaterinoslav Yeniseysk

Oblasts	Amur Belostok Bessarabia Don Voisko Zabaikalskaya Kamchatka Caspian Kwantung Orenburg Kirgiz Omsk Primorskaya Sakhalin Taurida Tarnopolsky Turgay Ural Yakut

Oblasts of Stepnoy Krai	Akmolinsk Siberia Kirgiz Semipalatinsk Oblast

Oblasts of Turkestan Krai	Transcaspian Samarkand Semirechye Oblast Syr-Darya Oblast Turkestan Fergana

Caucasus Viceroyalty	Baku Governorate Black Sea Governorate Derbent Governorate Elizavetpol Governorate Erivan Governorate Georgia-Imeretia Governorate Georgia Governorate Kutais Governorate Shemakha Governorate Tiflis Governorate Armenian Oblast Batum Oblast Dagestan Oblast Imeretia Oblast Kars Oblast Kuban Oblast Terek Oblast Black Sea Okrug Sukhum Okrug Zakatal Okrug

Governorates of Finland	Abo-Byorneborg Vaza Vyborg Kuopio Nyuland Sankt Mikhel Tavastgus Uleoborg

Governorates of Poland	Avgustov Varshava Kalish Kelets Krakov Lomzha Lyublin Mazovia Petrokov Plotsk Podlasie Radom Sandomir Sedlets Suvalki

Baltic Governorates³	Courland Livonia Reval Riga Estonia

Governorates of Galicia	Lvov Peremyshl Tarnopol Chernovtsy

Territories and dependencies	Bukeyev Horde Emirate of Bukhara Kokand Khanate Russian America Uriankhayskiy Krai Khanate of Khiva Zeravshan Okrug

¹ Italics indicates renamed or abolished governorates, oblasts, etc on 1 January 1914. ² An asterisk (*) indicates governorates formed or created with renaming after 1 January 1914. ³ Ostsee or Baltic general-governorship was abolished in 1876.

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