Glucuronolactone

Glucuronolactone^[1]

Names
IUPAC name (2R)-2-[(2S,3R,4S)-3,4-Dihydroxy-5-oxo-tetrahydrofuran-2-yl]-2-hydroxy-acetaldehyde
Other names Glucuronic acid lactone; Glucurone; Glucurolactone; D-Glucurono-3,6-lactone; D-glucurono-gamma-lactone
Identifiers
CAS Number	32449-92-6  Y Y
3D model (Jmol)	Interactive image
ChemSpider	83317 N
ECHA InfoCard	100.046.397
PubChem	92283
InChI InChI=1S/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h1-5,8-10H/t2-,3+,4-,5+/m0/s1 N Key: UYUXSRADSPPKRZ-SKNVOMKLSA-N N InChI=1/C6H8O6/c7-1-2(8)5-3(9)4(10)6(11)12-5/h1-5,8-10H/t2-,3+,4-,5+/m0/s1 Key: UYUXSRADSPPKRZ-SKNVOMKLBS
SMILES O=C[C@H](O)[C@H]1OC(=O)[C@@H](O)[C@H]1O
Properties
Chemical formula	C6H8O6
Molar mass	176.12 g·mol−1
Density	1.76 g/cm3 (30 °C)
Melting point	176 to 178 °C (349 to 352 °F; 449 to 451 K)
Solubility in water	26.9 g/100 mL
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
N verify (what is YN ?)
Infobox references

Glucuronolactone is a naturally occurring chemical that is an important structural component of nearly all connective tissues.^[1] Glucuronolactone is also found in many plant gums.^[1]

Physical and chemical properties

Glucuronolactone is a white solid odorless compound, soluble in hot and cold water. Its melting point ranges from 176 to 178 °C.^[1] The compound can exist in a monocyclic aldehyde form or in a bicyclic hemiacetal (lactol) form.

Lactol form of glucuronolactone

History

Glucuronolactone has received some notoriety due to an urban legend that it was a Vietnam War-era drug manufactured by the American government and since banned due to brain tumor-related deaths. However, the quoted British Medical Journal article does not exist; furthermore, no warnings appear on the Food and Drug Administration website regarding its potential to cause brain tumors or other maladies.^[2] Moreover, glucuronolactone is hydrolyzed in the body (like butyrolactone) to glucuronic acid, which may be oxidized to glucaric acid, or isomerized to another hexuronic acid, so there is no reasonable toxicity mechanism.

Uses

Glucuronolactone is metabolized to glucaric acid, xylitol, and L-xylulose, and humans may also be able to use glucuronolactone as a precursor for ascorbic acid synthesis.^[3] According to The Merck Index, it is also used as a detoxicant.^[4] The liver uses glucose to create glucuronolactone, which inhibits the enzyme B-glucuronidase (metabolizes glucuronides), which should cause blood-glucuronide levels to rise. Glucuronides combine with toxic substances, such as morphine and depot medroxyprogesterone acetate, by converting them to water-soluble glucuronide-conjugates which are excreted in the urine.^[5] Theoretically, higher blood-glucuronides should help remove toxins from the body, leading to the claim that energy drinks are detoxifying.^[6] Free glucuronic acid (or its self-ester glucuronolactone) has less effect on detoxification than glucose , because the body synthesizes UDP-glucuronic acid from glucose. Therefore, sufficient carbohydrate intake provides enough UDP-glucuronic acid for detoxication , and foods rich in glucose are usually abundant in developed nations.

Glucuronolactone is a popular ingredient in energy drinks with claims that it detoxifies the body. Although levels of glucuronolactone in energy drinks can far exceed those found in the rest of the diet, the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) has concluded that exposure to glucuronolactone from regular consumption of energy drinks is not a safety concern. The no-observed-adverse-effect level of glucuronolactone is 1000 mg/kg/day.^[7]

See also

• Glucuronic acid
• Glucono delta-lactone
• International Programme on Chemical Safety

References