Ghost in the Shell (manga)

Ghost in the Shell

Cover of The Ghost in the Shell, the first volume of the manga
攻殻機動隊
(Kōkaku Kidōtai)
Genre Cyberpunk
Manga
Written by Masamune Shirow
Published by Kodansha
English publisher
Demographic Seinen
Magazine Young Magazine
Original run May 1989 – November 1990
Volumes 1
Manga
2: Man-Machine Interface
Written by Masamune Shirow
Published by Kodansha
English publisher
Demographic Seinen
Magazine Young Magazine
Original run September 1991 – August 1997
Volumes 1
Manga
1.5: Human Error Processor
Written by Masamune Shirow
Published by Kodansha
English publisher
Demographic Seinen
Magazine Young Magazine
Original run 1991 – 1996
Volumes 1
Related

Ghost in the Shell, known in Japan as Mobile Armored Riot Police (Japanese: 攻殻機動隊 Hepburn: Kōkaku Kidōtai), is a seinen manga series written and illustrated by Masamune Shirow, which spawned the media franchise of the same name. The manga, first serialized in 1989 under the subtitle of The Ghost in the Shell, and later published as its own tankōbon volumes by Kodansha, told the story of the fictional counter-cyberterrorist organization Public Security Section 9, led by protagonist Major Motoko Kusanagi, in the mid 21st century of Japan. Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface was the sequel work which follows the story of Motoko after merging with the Puppeteer. The last volume, Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor, contains four separate cases.

The books contain Shirow's thoughts on design and philosophy, including sociological issues, the consequences of technological advances and themes on the nature of consciousness and identity. Several artbooks have been released to detail the concept art and the world of Ghost in the Shell. All three volumes have received mainly positive reviews.

Setting

Primarily set in the mid-twenty-first century in the fictional Japanese city of Niihama, Niihama Prefecture (新浜県新浜市 Niihama-ken Niihama-shi),[Note 1] otherwise known as New Port City (ニューポートシティ Nyū Pōto Shiti), the manga and the many anime adaptations follow the members of Public Security Section 9, a special-operations task-force made up of former military officers and police detectives. Political intrigue and counter-terrorism operations are standard fare for Section 9, but the various actions of corrupt officials, companies, and cyber-criminals in each scenario are unique and require the diverse skills of Section 9's staff to prevent a series of incidents from escalating.

In this cyberpunk iteration of a possible future, computer technology has advanced to the point that many members of the public possess cyberbrains, technology that allows them to interface their biological brain with various networks. The level of cyberization varies from simple minimal interfaces to almost complete replacement of the brain with cybernetic parts, in cases of severe trauma. This can also be combined with various levels of prostheses, with a fully prosthetic body enabling a person to become a cyborg. The heroine of Ghost in the Shell, Major Motoko Kusanagi, is such a cyborg, having had a terrible accident befall her as a child that ultimately required that she use a full-body prosthesis to house her cyberbrain. This high level of cyberization, however, opens the brain up to attacks from highly skilled hackers, with the most dangerous being those who will hack a person to bend to their whims.

Story

Ghost in the Shell (攻殻機動隊 THE GHOST IN THE SHELL Kōkaku Kidōtai Za Gōsuto In Za Sheru, lit. Mobile Armored Riot Police: The Ghost In The Shell) begins in 2029, and features Section 9, led by Chief Daisuke Aramaki and Major Motoko Kusanagi, as they investigate the Puppeteer, a cyber-criminal wanted for committing a large number of crimes by proxy through "ghost hacking" humans with cyberbrains. As the investigation continues, Section 9 discovers that the Puppet Master is actually an advanced artificial intelligence created by a department of the Japanese government, taking up residence in a robot body. After destroying the latest host of the Puppeteer, Section 9 believes all is well, until the Major discovers the Puppet Master in her own mind. After hearing the Puppeteer's wishes to reach its next step in evolution, Kusanagi allows it to become one with her own ghost. After this event, the Major leaves Section 9 to work as a private contractor, with the remaining members of the unit Batou, Togusa, Ishikawa, Saito, Paz, Borma, and Azuma, continuing their work as covert operatives, occasionally meeting up with the Major in her various guises. These stories were later collected under the name Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor (攻殻機動隊 HUMAN-ERROR PROCESSOR Kōkaku Kidōtai Hyūman Erā Purosessā, lit. Mobile Armored Riot Police: Human-Error Processor). In 2035, the Major, now known as Motoko Aramaki, works as a security expert for Poseidon Industrial, now an entity composed of multiple identities that she controls via the network in other prosthetic bodies that attack industrial spies, assassins, and cyber-hackers, solving various crimes, while still at her day job. However, a psychic investigator finds something dangerous emerging as the teachings of a professor of artificial intelligence fall into the wrong hands and attempt to intermingle with the Major's current evolving sense of self. These stories are collected under the title Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface (攻殻機動隊 MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE Kōkaku Kidōtai Manmashīn Intāfēsu, lit. Mobile Armored Riot Police: Man-Machine Interface).

Creation and development

While writing the manga, Masamune Shirow struggled to make it neither too complex nor too simple.[1] Two official names exist for the works, the first is Kōkaku Kidōtai (攻殻機動隊?, officially "Armored Shell"; literally "Mobile Armored Riot Police") and the second is "Ghost in the Shell". Masamune Shirow originally wanted to use the name "Ghost in the Shell" for the publication, as an homage to Arthur Koestler's The Ghost in the Machine, from which he drew inspiration.[2] Kōichi Yuri, First Coordinator at Young Magazine, requested a "more flashy" name and Shirow came up with Kōkaku Kidōtai (攻殻機動隊?) . Shirow requested that "Ghost in the Shell" be included on the title even if it was in small print. Yuri believes that Kōkaku Kidōtai is the mainstream title while "Ghost in the Shell" is the theme. While most Japanese publications use both names, the original publication of in Young Magazine was Kōkaku Kidōtai.[3]

When developing Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface, Shirow initially wanted to use a new title by changing the last kanji character meaning "military unit" (隊 tai), to the homophonic kanji for "body" (体 tai) so that it would literally translate "Mobile Unit Body Entity" (攻殻機動体 Kōkaku Kidōtai), but eventually he decided not to do so.[4] The production of Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface manga was done digitally, which was difficult for Shirow's because of troubles including a hard disk failure which resulted in the loss of 16 gigabytes of data, USB hardware troubles and reading manuals related to new application upgrades. Shirow considers the manga a completely different kind of work and not a true sequel of Ghost in the Shell. The original manga revolved around Public Security Section 9 and Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface follows what happens to the Major after she merges with the Puppeteer. Shirow drew the color pages on computer, in which he states was difficult to due to technical issues with his computer. In the "short-cut" version of the manga, Masamune Shirow made the color darker and softer, but used more contrasting colors in the "standard" version.[5]

Design and philosophy

Shirow's thoughts and work on Ghost in the Shell contains numerous footnotes and detailed explanations about scenes to give readers an understanding of the sociological differences or technological advances and philosophical discussion of the material. Concepts like the future of hacking techniques, in which a cyberbrain can be hacked to copy information without being detected. Shirow explains instances of spirit channeling in cyborgs with kiko energy. Shirow even wrote that this phenomenon may be related to the "hearing voices" in individuals that suffer from mental disabilities like schizophrenia. This belief is represented in Motoko's reasons for head hunting Togusa for Section 9.[6] Shirow also notes that he believes these channelers do not speak with a human-like god, but instead tap into a phase of the universe which synchronizes with the channeler's functions. Other philosophical stances are represented such as Shirow's personal beliefs regarding death sentences and crime and punishment.[6]

Shirow explains numerous facets of the daily life throughout his notes in Ghost in the Shell. Cyborgs are shown consuming food, but Shirow noted that early in the development would have been pills or paste substance that would have both psychological and physical functions. The Fuchikoma robots also must consume in a sense, requiring replenishment of fluid for their neurochips every two months, but Fuchikoma are not entirely bio-robots. Shirow discussed in his notes how the family of Yano received notification of his death and what would be disclosed, but also notes strategic use and premature notifications exist for various purposes. The advancement of technology in Shirow's vision of the future is rapid, but the advancements are at least partially related to than-current technology. The concepts of a 3-D viewing room was based on "crude" golf simulator technology.[6]

Other personal beliefs of Shirow are represented in the scenes and author's commentary, such metaphysics, religious references, and other philosophical stances that enter a range of topics including his thoughts on a rotating universe.[6]

Censorship

The removal of a two-page sex scene in Studio Proteus's localization of Ghost in the Shell was not well received, with readers reacting negatively to the removal of the previously uncensored content that was included in the original Dark Horse release. Toren Smith commented on Studio Proteus's actions claiming that requirement of the "Mature Readers Only" would translate into a 40% lost in sales and likely have caused the immediate cancellation of the series. Shirow, who grew tired of "taking flak" over the pages, opted to remove them and reworked the previous page as necessary.[7]

Publication history

The original Ghost in the Shell ran from April 1989 to November 1990 in Kodansha's manga anthology Young Magazine, and was released in tankōbon format on October 2, 1991.[8] Dark Horse initially published it in English monthly into eight comic issues from March 1, 1995, to October 1, 1995, with the translation of Studio Proteus.[9][10] It was later collected into a single volume in trade paperback format on early December 1, 1995.[11] An uncensored version was later released by Dark Horse Comics on October 6, 2004.[12] The censored version of the Dark Horse manga was later republished by Kodansha Comics USA on October 13, 2009.[13][14]

The sequel Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface was penned by Shirow later. The manga series ran in Young Magazine from September 1991 to August 1997 and was originally released in hardcover format along with the original manga in a limited edition box set titled Kōkaku Kidōtai SOLID BOX (攻殻機動隊SOLID BOX) on December 1, 2000. The box set also contained a booklet titled ManMachine Interface Inactive Module, a poster and a Fuchikoma robot action figure.[15] Kodansha later released the standard edition in tankōbon format on June 26, 2001.[16] The SOLID BOX version added over 140 pages of new content and more changes were added to the tankōbon version, such as 24 color pages and large modifications to over 20 pages. However, 200 pages from the original version that ran in Young Magazine were not included in either the SOLID BOX or the tankōbon version.[17] The manga was then distributed in English by Dark Horse Comics into 11 comic issues from January 29, 2003, to December 31, 2003.[18][19] Masamune Shirow manually redrew the manga for the English version so that it could be read from left to right.[20] It was later collected into a single volume in trade paperback format on January 12, 2005.[21] The manga was later republished by Kodansha Comics USA on August 10, 2010.[22]

Four chapters that were not released in tankōbon format from previous releases were later collected into a single volume titled Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor. The manga was published in July 23, 2003, by Kodansha.[23] It contained a booklet and a CD-ROM featuring the full stories, adding music to the manga scenes, and a screen saver.[24] Dark Horse Comics announced an English version at the 2005 San Diego Comic-Con.[25] The series was released as eight individual comic issues from November 1, 2006, to June 6, 2007, and was the first of the Ghost in the Shell manga released in the United States to read right-to-left.[26][27] The four original titles were each split into two each, to make up the 8 in this series. It was later collected in a single volume in trade paperback format on October 10, 2007.[28] The manga was later republished by Kodansha Comics USA on September 25, 2012.[29]

No.TitleJapanese releaseEnglish release
1Ghost in the Shell
Mobile Armored Riot Police: The Ghost In The Shell (攻殻機動隊 THE GHOST IN THE SHELL)		October 2, 1991[8]
ISBN 4-06-313248-X		December 1, 1995[11]
ISBN 1-56971-081-3
  • "01 Prologue"
  • "02 Super Spartan" - April 10, 2029
  • "03 Junk Jungle" - July 27, 2029
  • "04 Megatech Machine 1 - Revolt of the Robots"
  • "05 Megatech Machine 2 - The Making of a Cyborg"
  • "06 Robot Rondo - 1.10.2029"
  • "07 Phantom Fund - 24.12.2029"
  • "08 Dumb Barter - 2.5.2030"
  • "09 Bye Bye Clay - 15.7.2030"
  • "10 Brain Drain - 9.9.2030"
  • "11 Ghost Coast - 18.9.2030"
In 2029 Public Security Section 9 led by Major Motoko Kusanagi hunts down the Puppet Master, a cyber-criminal wanted for committing a large number of crimes by proxy through "ghost hacking" humans with cyberbrains. The investigation soon discovers that the Puppet Master is actually an advanced artificial intelligence project developed by Section 6, the Treaty Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. After subduing the Puppet Master's robot host and destroying it, they believe the Puppet Master is gone, but the Major believes otherwise, and is proven right when she discovers the Puppet Master in her own cyberbrain. The Puppet Master wishes to seek its next step in evolution, and Kusanagi allows it to merge with her ghost.
2Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface
Mobile Armored Riot Police: Man-Machine Interface (攻殻機動隊 MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE)		June 26, 2001[16]
ISBN 4-06-336310-4		January 12, 2005[21]
ISBN 1-59307-204-X
  • "01 Prologue 2035.03.06.AM05:05"
  • "02 Underwater 2035.03.06.AM05:45"
  • "03 Circuit Weapon 2035.03.06.PM01:12"
  • "04 Fly by Orbit 2035.03.06.PM01:12"
  • "05 Mold of Life 2035.03.06.PM01:54"
  • "06 Epilogue 2035.03.06.05:35AM"
On March 6, 2035 (five years after the events of The Ghost in the Shell), the Major, now known as Motoko Aramaki, is now chief security officer for a giant multinational conglomerate. She digitally transfers her personality and capabilities between cyborg bodies stashed around the world, as she attacks industrial spies, assassins, and cyber-hackers while keeping up a steady stream of digital communications with various robotic assistants and her secretary back at the office. However, when the teachings of artificial intelligence professor Dr. Rahampol fall into the hands of data pirates, psychic investigator Tamaki Tamai senses that something dangerous is happening that involves Motoko's self as well.
1.5Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor
Mobile Armored Riot Police: Human-Error Processor (攻殻機動隊 HUMAN-ERROR PROCESSOR)		July 23, 2003[23]
ISBN 978-4-06-350406-4		October 10, 2007[28]
ISBN 978-1-59307-815-7
  • "Fat Cat" 01 and 02
  • "Drive Slave" 01 and 02
  • "Mines of Mind" 01 and 02
  • "Lost Past"
This volume chronicles four cases Section 9 investigates between Volume 1 and 2. In "Fat Cat", the team investigates a man's recent strange activities at the behest of his daughter, one of Chief Daisuke Aramaki's friends. In "Drive Slave", Section 9 protects a key witness in a court case from various cyborg assassins sent to kill him, while Major Kusanagi arrives, having been sent to capture the man responsible for the assassins. The story "Mines of the Mind" features Batou and Togusa investigating a series of murders, with all the victims marked with the same tattoo. In "Lost Past", the investigation into a kidnapping gone wrong has Section 9 suspecting that Section 6 hired a sniper to make it go wrong in the first place.

A number of artbooks detailing the concept art and world of Ghost in the Shell have been released. A box set titled Kōkaku Kidōtai Cyberdelics (攻殻機動隊Cyberdelics) was released on July 8, 1997. The box set contains a collection of posters illustrated by Masamune Shirow, a booklet and a puzzle.[30] A guidebook titled The Ghost in the Shell: Mechanical Analysis Reader (攻殻機動隊メカニカル解析読本 Kōkaku Kidōtai Mekanikaru Kaiseki Dokuhon) was published by Kodansha and released on January 16, 1998.[31] An art book titled The Ghost in the Shell: Fuchikoma Papercraft (攻殻機動隊フチコマ立体図鑑 Kōkaku Kidōtai fuchikoma Rittai Zukan) was released by Kodansha on July 24, 2000. The book contains several different artwork and paper cut out figures of the Fuchikoma.[32]

The Ghost in the Shell video game was developed by Exact and released for the PlayStation on July 17, 1997, in Japan by Sony Computer Entertainment.[33] It is a third-person shooter featuring an original storyline where the character plays a rookie member of Section 9. The video game's soundtrack Megatech Body features various electronica artists.[34]

A live-action Hollywood adaptation starring Scarlett Johansson as Motoko Kusanagi is set to release in the US on March 31, 2017.[35]

Reception

Ghost in the Shell had received mainly positive reviews. Publishers Weekly praised the manga for its artwork: "Masamune's b&w drawings are dynamic and beautifully gestural; he vividly renders the awesome urban landscape of a futuristic, supertechnological Japan."[36] Leroy Douresseaux of the website ComicBookBin gave the manga an A stating: "It is visually potent and often inscrutable, but its sense of wonder and exploration makes its ideas still seem fresh two decades after its debut."[37] Peter Gutiérrez of the website Teenreads praised the manga, writing: "In short, Ghost in the Shell is hard sci-fi of the best possible sort: the type that’s so full of both undiluted artfulness and philosophy that it’s arguably a must-read even for those who don’t usually take to the genre."[38] Greg McElhatton of Read About Comics praised the artwork, however criticized the manga for its story pacing and collection of short adventures stating, "I'm glad I got to experience Shirow's artistic view of the future and am a little interested in the idea of his Intron Depot art books, but on the whole Ghost in the Shell was a massive shell game: flashy and fascinating from a glance, but ultimately empty when you decide to dive in."[39]

Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface had sold over 100,000 copies from its initial printing in Japan.[17] Diamond Comic Distributors ranked the manga #7 in its Top Performing Manga list of 2005.[40] Mike Crandol of Anime News Network criticized for being too complex and overwhelming stating it is "too technical for its own good" but praised the new artwork, stating that Shirow's "canny drawing skills are supplemented by an innovative use of CGI graphics that represent the series' boldest artistic endeavor."[41] Publishers Weekly praised the artwork as "the color and b&w graphics are stunning, brilliantly evoking the nonvisual world of data transmission" but criticized the story can be confusing.[42]

Ghost in the Shell 1.5: Human-Error Processor was ranked #10 in The New York Times Manga Best Seller List on October 19, 2012.[43] Scott Green of Ain't It Cool News praised the manga for its footnotes that "alone are worth the price of admission. The degree to which he apparently takes every aspect seriously and the amount of information he'd like to convey verges on a disorder."[44]

Notes

  1. ↑ The real world Niihama is located in Ehime Prefecture, and its name is written differently in Japanese.

References

  1. ↑ "An Interview with Masamune Shirow". Frederick L. Schodt. Retrieved December 8, 2012.
  2. ↑ Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Official Log 1. Young Magazine. 2003. p. 9.
  3. ↑ 攻殻機動隊 STAND ALONE COMPLEX Official Log ① [Ghost in the Shell: Stand Alone Complex Official Log 1] (DVD) (in Japanese). 2003.
  4. ↑ Shirow, Masamune (2001). Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface. 11. Japan: Kodansha. ISBN 4-06-336310-4.
  5. ↑ "Web Interview Masamune Shirow". Kukaku.free.fr. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Masamune, Shirow (1995). Ghost in the Shell. Dark Horse.
  7. ↑ "Toren Smith on Manga Censorship". Retrieved April 29, 2013.
  8. 1 2 攻殻機動隊（１） (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  9. ↑ "GHOST IN THE SHELL #1 (OF 8)". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  10. ↑ "GHOST IN THE SHELL #8 (OF 8)". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  11. 1 2 "GHOST IN THE SHELL TPB". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  12. ↑ "GHOST IN THE SHELL 1 2ND EDITION TPB". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved October 20, 2012.
  13. ↑ "Ghost in the Shell Volume 1". Kodansha Comics USA. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  14. ↑ "Kodansha Comics". Kodansha Comics. July 30, 2013. Retrieved August 21, 2013.
  15. ↑ 攻殻機動隊ＳＯＬＩＤ　ＢＯＸ (in Japanese). 7net. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  16. 1 2 攻殻機動隊２ (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  17. 1 2 "Ghost in the Shell 2--The Dark Horse Interview". ICv2. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  18. ↑ "GHOST IN THE SHELL 2: MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE #1". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  19. ↑ "GHOST IN THE SHELL 2: MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE #11". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  20. ↑ "Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface". ICv2. Retrieved November 27, 2012.
  21. 1 2 "GHOST IN THE SHELL VOLUME 2: MAN-MACHINE INTERFACE TPB". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  22. ↑ "Ghost in the Shell Volume 2". Kodansha Comics USA. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  23. 1 2 攻殻機動隊１．５ (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved October 13, 2012.
  24. ↑ ＣＤ‐ＲＯＭ　攻殻機動隊１．５ (in Japanese). 7net. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  25. ↑ "Dark Horse Comic-Con Announcements". Anime News Network. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  26. ↑ "GHOST IN THE SHELL 1.5: HUMAN-ERROR PROCESSOR #1". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  27. ↑ "GHOST IN THE SHELL 1.5: HUMAN-ERROR PROCESSOR #8". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  28. 1 2 "GHOST IN THE SHELL 1.5: HUMAN-ERROR PROCESSOR TPB". Dark Horse Comics. Retrieved October 12, 2012.
  29. ↑ "Ghost in the Shell 1.5". Kodansha Comics USA. Retrieved October 31, 2012.
  30. ↑ 攻殻機動隊　Ｃｙｂｅｒｄｅｌｉｃｓ (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved November 24, 2012.
  31. ↑ 攻殻機動隊メカニカル解析読本 (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved May 12, 2013.
  32. ↑ 攻殻機動隊フチコマ立体図鑑 (in Japanese). Kodansha. Retrieved November 12, 2012.
  33. ↑ "攻殻機動隊 GHOST IN THE SHELL". Sony Computer Entertainment. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  34. ↑ "世界中で絶賛されている近未来SFコミックス「攻殻機動隊」のプレイステーション・ゲームのSound [Techno] Trax。". Sony Music Entertainment Japan. Retrieved January 4, 2013.
  35. ↑ Stedman, Alex (January 25, 2016). "'Ghost in the Shell' Moves to Paramount From Disney". Variety. Retrieved April 15, 2016.
  36. ↑ "GHOST IN THE SHELL". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  37. ↑ Douresseaux, Leroy. "The Ghost in the Shell: Volume 1". ComicBookBin. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  38. ↑ Gutiérrez, Peter. "The Ghost in the Shell, Vol. 1". Teanreads. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  39. ↑ McElhatton, Greg. "Ghost in the Shell". Read About Comics. Retrieved November 13, 2012.
  40. ↑ "Diamond Announces Top Direct Market Performers". Anime News Network. Retrieved December 15, 2012.
  41. ↑ Crandol, Mike. "Ghost in the Shell 2: Man-Machine Interface (manga)". Anime News Network. Retrieved October 29, 2012.
  42. ↑ "GHOST IN THE SHELL 2: Man-Machine Interface". Publishers Weekly. Retrieved November 29, 2012.
  43. ↑ "New York Times Manga Best Seller List, October 7–13". Anime News Network. Retrieved October 30, 2012.
  44. ↑ "AICN Anime-Sci-Fi Reviews of Ghost in the Shell 1.5 and Freedom (Featuring Design by Akira's Katsuhiro Otomo)". Ain't It Cool News. Retrieved November 18, 2012.
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