George Hammond (diplomat)

George Hammond

George Hammond (1763–1853)[1] was a British diplomat and one of the first British envoys to the United States from 1791 to 1795.[2]

Early career

Hammond came from East Riding of Yorkshire,[2] enjoyed a liberal education, and was a Master of Arts and Fellow of Merton College, Oxford.[3] During the peace talks between the 13 colonies of the United States of America and the Kingdom of Great Britain that would culminate in the Treaty of Paris in 1783, he served as a Secretary to David Hartley; while in Paris, he also learned some French.[2] Subsequently, Hammond was appointed chargé d'affaires at Vienna from 1788 to 1790,[1] spent part of 1790 in Copenhagen,[4] and in 1791 found himself Counsellor of Legation at Madrid.[2]

Minister to the United States

Despite American grumbles over the lack of a British envoy since the peace treaty concluded the American revolution in 1783, the decision for the British was by no means a simple one. The Articles of Confederation lacked both a fixed seat of government and single leader to accredit an envoy, and few qualified diplomats desired the post and its yearly salary of £2500.[2] David Hartley, himself approached for the position, recommended his former secretary Hammond to Charles Jenkinson, who in turn passed on the name to newly appointed Foreign Secretary William Grenville.[2] Hammond was soon given the job, boarded a ship for Philadelphia in September 1791 along with Edward Thornton, secretary of legation,[3] and arrived five weeks later on 20 October.[2]

Hammond initially met with then Secretary of State Thomas Jefferson, but waited to formally present himself to President George Washington before an American Minister to England was chosen;[2] his reception on 11 November 1791 formally established relations between the two countries.[5] Although Hammond described his situation as "new, critical and rather embarrassing", he also stated that "If I accepted a quarter of the invitations to dinner and tea parties which I receive I should have little time for business", and said of the leading families that "I have reason to think most of them are Tories at heart."[2]

Hammond had four children, aged oldest to youngest: William Andrew, George, Margaret, Edmund.[4] His son, Edmund Hammond, would also join the Foreign Office.

Hammond left his post on 14 August 1795, leaving the consul general at Philadelphia, Phineas Bond, in charge until Robert Liston arrived in America.[5]

Later career

Following his return from the United States, Hammond became an Undersecretary at the Foreign Office. In this position he advised and befriended Grenville and met George Canning;[3] Canning founded the newspaper the Anti-Jacobin in 1797, and Hammond acted as joint-editor.[1] Hammond would later be sent to one or two posts in continental Europe, and sometime in the 1810s he was appointed as a commissioner on the Arbitration of Revolutionary Indemnities, and as such spent many years living alternatively in London and Paris.[2] Hammond died in 1853 at the age of ninety.[2]

Timeline of career[4]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 3 "HAMMOND GEORGE 1763 1853 DIPLOMAT". British Library of Political and Economic Science. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Willson, Beckles (1969). "King George's First Envoy". Friendly Relations: A Narrative of Britain's Ministers and Ambassadors to America, 1791–1930. Ayer Publishing. ISBN 978-0-8369-1266-1. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  3. 1 2 3 Elkins, Stanley M.; McKitrick, Eric L. (1995). The Age of Federalism: The Early American Republic, 1788–1800. Oxford University Press US. pp. 244–245. ISBN 978-0-19-509381-0. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
  4. 1 2 3 House of Commons (1838). Parliamentary Papers. p. 37. The titles (including spelling) and dates in the timeline come directly from these papers. They continue:
    In the year 1806, when Mr. Hammond was entitled, from length of service, to a pension of 1,200 I., a pension of 600 l. was granted to him, together with pensions of 150 l. a year to each of his four children.
  5. 1 2 Paullin, Charles Oscar; Paxson, Frederic Logan (1914). "George Hammond 1791–1795". Guide to the Materials in London Archives for the History of the United States Since 1783. Carnegie Institution of Washington. Retrieved 22 December 2008.
Diplomatic posts
Preceded by
New post		 British Minister to the United States
1791 – 1795 		Succeeded by
Robert Liston
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