George Washington Goethals

George Washington Goethals
1st Governor of Panama Canal Zone
In office 1914–1917
Succeeded by	Chester Harding
Personal details
Born	(1858-06-29)June 29, 1858 Brooklyn, New York, U.S.
Died	January 21, 1928(1928-01-21) (aged 69) Manhattan, New York City, U.S.
Resting place	West Point Cemetery
Nationality	American
Spouse(s)	Effie Rodman (m. 1884; his death 1928)
Children	2
Education	United States Military Academy
Signature

Not to be confused with George Washington.

George Washington Goethals (/ˈɡoʊθəlz/ GOH-thəlz; June 29, 1858 – January 21, 1928) was a United States Army officer and civil engineer, best known for his administration and supervision of the construction and the opening of the Panama Canal.^[1] The Goethals Bridge between Staten Island, New York City and Elizabeth, New Jersey is named in his honor, as is the Goethals Medal and the troopship USNS George W. Goethals (T-AP-182).

Early life and education

Goethals was born in Brooklyn, New York to Flemish immigrants from Stekene, Belgium^[2][3][4] Johannes Baptista (John Louis) Goethals, a carpenter, and wife Marie Le Barron. Aged 14, he entered the College of the City of New York. In April 1876, after three years of college, he won an appointment to the United States Military Academy at West Point. He graduated second in his class in 1880,^[4] and was commissioned as second lieutenant in the Army Corps of Engineers

Military career

Goethals remained at the military academy during the summer and fall of 1880 as an assistant instructor in practical astronomy. In 1881, he attended the Engineer School of Application at Willets Point, New York. His first field assignment came in 1882 with his appointment as engineer officer of the Department of Columbia in Vancouver, Washington.^[4] His routine duties included reconnaissance, surveys, and astronomical work, while his most consequential project was the replacement of a 120-foot bridge across the Spokane River.

From 1885 to 1889, he taught civil and military engineering at West Point. He returned to the field in 1889 to assist Colonel John W. Barlow with navigational improvements on the Cumberland and Tennessee rivers.

While an instructor at West Point, Goethals agreed to tutor Charles Young, the third African-American graduate of West Point; Young had failed an engineering class but – after being tutored by Goethals – passed and graduated in 1889.^[5]

In 1891, Goethals was promoted to captain. He soon was placed in charge of the completion of the Muscle Shoals Canal along the Tennessee River near Florence, Alabama.^[4] This was his first independent command, and his responsibilities included the design and construction of the Riverton Lock at Colbert Shoals.^[6] His recommendation of a single lock with an unprecedented lift of twenty-six feet was initially opposed by his superiors in Washington, and he was forced to persuade the conservative army engineers of the merits of his design. The lock's successful construction set a world record for lock height.^[4] The success of the Riverton Lock inspired the eventual adoption of high-lift locks elsewhere, including those for the Panama Canal.

During the Spanish–American War, he was lieutenant colonel and chief of engineers of United States Volunteers.^[7] In 1903, Goethal became a member of the first Army General Staff in Washington, D.C. According to the book The Panama Canal: An Army's Enterprise, Goethals made such an impression on Secretary Taft in DC that he later recommended him as an engineer for the Panama Canal.^[4] In 1907 US President Theodore Roosevelt appointed George Washington Goethals chief engineer of the Panama Canal.^[8] The building of the Canal was completed in 1914, two years ahead of the target date of June 10, 1916.

Colonel Goethals received unstinted praise from visiting engineers and from the technical press of the world. In 1913 the degree of LL.D. was conferred on him by the University of Pennsylvania, and in the spring of 1914 he was awarded medals by the National Geographic Society, the Civic Forum (New York), and the National Institute of Social Sciences. In 1914, Goethals and William Crawford Gorgas were awarded the inaugural Public Welfare Medal from the National Academy of Sciences.^[9] Also, Congress awarded Goethals their thanks and a promotion to Major General. President Wilson appointed him the first Civil Governor of the Panama Canal Zone.^[4]

General Goethals resigned from the post of Governor of the Canal Zone in 1916.^[4] Soon he was made chairman of the board of inquiry in regard to the Adamson eight-hour law. His positions thereafter were: State engineer of New Jersey in 1917, manager of the Emergency Fleet Corporation (briefly), acting quartermaster of the United States Army, and a member of the War Industries Board (1918). In 1919, he requested his release from his active service.

Later on, he headed an engineering and construction firm. He became the first consulting engineer of the Port of New York Authority (now the Port Authority of New York and New Jersey),^[10] and the Goethals Bridge, one of the authority's bridges between New York and New Jersey, was named for him.

Death and legacy

He died at his apartment at 12 East 86th Street in Manhattan, New York City on January 21, 1928.^[11][1]

Personal life

In 1884, he married Effie Rodman; they had two sons.^[4]

Legacy

He is the great-great-grandfather of actress Angela Goethals.

In World War II, the United States liberty ship, USNS George W. Goethals (T-AP-182), was named in his honor. He has one street named for him in the city of Richland, Washington, where a number of streets are named for important engineers and scientists.^[12] Another one named Goethals Avenue in Queens, New York City at St. John's University.^[13] He has a street on Fort Leonard Wood, Mo., named for him. The houses on Goethals Drive on Fort Leonard Wood were destroyed by a tornado that hit the fort on New Year's Eve, 2010.^[14]

In popular culture

In the play and film Arsenic and Old Lace, the character Teddy Brewster mistakes Dr. Einstein for Goethals, inviting him to inspect a new canal.

George Washington Goethals appears in Civilization 5 as a Great Engineer.

See also

• Panama Canal

References

Further reading

• Panama Canal Authority biography
• Bishop, Farnham (August 1912). "The Builder Of The Canal: Col. George Washington Goethals". The World's Work: A History of Our Time. XXIV: 389–402. Retrieved 2009-07-10. 
• Mellander, Gustavo A.; Nelly Maldonado Mellander (1999). Charles Edward Magoon: The Panama Years. Río Piedras, Puerto Rico: Editorial Plaza Mayor. ISBN 1-56328-155-4. OCLC 42970390.
• Mellander, Gustavo A. (1971). The United States in Panamanian Politics: The Intriguing Formative Years. Danville, Ill.: Interstate Publishers. OCLC 138568.
• "Goethals, George Washington" in American National Biography. American Council of Learned Societies, 2000.

Bishop, Joseph Bucklin and Bishop, Farnham, Goethals - Genius of the Panama Canal','New York and London: Harper & Brothers, 1930.

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to George Washington Goethals.

•  "Goethals, George Washington". The Cyclopædia of American Biography. 1918. 
•  "Goethals, George Washington". Collier's New Encyclopedia. 1921. 
•  "Goethals, George Washington". Encyclopædia Britannica (12th ed.). 1922.