Gender-neutral language

Sign with specific suggestions for gender-neutral language use in Spanish.

Gender-neutral language or gender-inclusive language is language that avoids bias toward a particular sex or social gender. In English, this includes use of nouns that are not gender-specific to refer to roles or professions, as well as avoidance of the pronoun he (including the forms him and his) to refer to people of unknown or indeterminate gender.^[1] For example, the words policeman^[2][3] and stewardess^[4][5] are gender-specific; the corresponding gender-neutral terms are police officer^[6][7] and flight attendant.^[8][9] Other gender-specific terms, such as actor and actress, may be replaced by the originally male term; for example, actor used regardless of gender.^[10][11][12] Some terms, such as chairman,^[13][14] that contain the component -man but have traditionally been used to refer to persons regardless of sex are now seen by some as gender-specific.^[15] When the gender of the person referred to is unknown or indeterminate, a gender-specific pronoun such as he may be avoided by using a gender-neutral pronoun – possibilities in English include he or she, s/he, or singular they.

Terminology and views

General

Historically, the use of masculine pronouns in place of generic was regarded as non-sexist, but various forms of gender-neutral language became a common feature in written and spoken versions of many languages in the late twentieth century. Feminists argue that previously the practice of assigning masculine gender to generic antecedents stemmed from language reflecting "the prejudices of the society in which it evolved, and English evolved through most of its history in a male-centered, patriarchal society."^[16] During the 1970s, feminists Casey Miller and Kate Swift created a manual, The Handbook of Nonsexist Writing, on gender neutral language that was set to reform the existing sexist language that was said to exclude and dehumanize women.^[17] In the 1980s, many feminist efforts were made to reform the androcentric language.^[18] It has become common in academic and governmental settings to rely on gender-neutral language to convey inclusion of all sexes or genders (gender-inclusive language).^[19][20]

The traditional use of the word "man" to encompass all of humankind is seen to be outdated.^[21] Using gender-neutral language is now considered good practice in professional writing.^[21] A professor at Seton Hill University explains that the use of gender neutral language is important because commonly used phrases or occupational titles "unnecessarily exclude women." The use of gender-neutral language boosts effective communication by including all possible readers, making the message more accessible.^[22]

Various languages employ different means to achieve gender neutrality:

• Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender
• Gender neutrality in genderless languages
• Gender neutrality in English

Other particular issues are also discussed:

• Gender marking in job titles
• Gender-specific and gender-neutral pronouns

Gender emphasis

There are different approaches in forming a "gender-neutral language":

• Neutralising any reference to gender or sex, like using "they" as a 3rd person singular pronoun instead of "he" or "she", and proscribing words like actress (female actor) and prescribing the use of words like actor for persons of any gender. Although it has long been accepted in the English language, Traditionalists argue that using "they" as a singular pronoun is considered grammatically incorrect, but acceptable in informal writing.^[21]
• Emphasizing the gender by using wordings like "he or she" and "actors and actresses". However, some forms of emphasizing gender for gender-neutrality, are labeled gender-binary.^[23]
• Avoiding the use of "him/her" or the third person singular pronoun "they" by using "the" or restructuring the sentence all together to avoid all three.^[21]

Examples of gender emphasis in occupational titles:^[24]

See also

In specific languages

• Gender neutrality in languages with grammatical gender

• Gender neutrality in English

Related topics

• Epicenity
• Gender in Bible translation
• Gender role
• Genderless language
• Generic antecedent
• IGALA (International Gender and Language Group)
• Markedness
• Spivak pronoun
• Unisex name
• Gender-neutral pronoun
  • Hen (pronoun)
  • Pronoun game
• Feminist language planning
• Lavender linguistics

References

Further reading

• Bojarska, Katarzyna (2012). "Responding to lexical stimuli with gender associations: A Cognitive–Cultural Model". Journal of Language and Social Psychology. 32: 46. doi:10.1177/0261927X12463008. 

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