Gask Ridge

Gask Ridge forts

The Gask Ridge is the modern name given to an early series of fortifications, built by the Romans in Scotland, close to the Highland Line. Modern excavation and interpretation is pioneered by the Roman Gask Project and directors Birgitta Hoffmann and David Woolliscroft.

Name

The name "Gask Ridge" refers to the 10-mile (16 km) ridge of land to the north of the River Earn in Perthshire.[1] In Scottish Gaelic, a gasg is a projecting tail or strip of land.[2] In the early 20th century, a line of Roman signal-towers (or watch-towers) was discovered along this ridge between the Roman forts of Strageath and Bertha.[3]

History

The Gask Ridge system was constructed sometime between 70 and 80 CE. Construction on Hadrian's Wall was started 42 years after completion of the Gask Ridge (from 122 to 130 CE), and the Antonine Wall was started just 12 years after completion of Hadrian's Wall (from 142 to 144 CE). Although the Gask Ridge was not a wall, it may be Rome's earliest fortified land frontier.[4] The fortifications approximately follow the boundary between Scotland's fertile Lowlands and mountainous Highlands, in Perth and Kinross and Angus. The later Hadrian's Wall and Antonine Wall were further south, and, by taking advantage of the heavily indented coastline of Great Britain, were considerably shorter.

Ditches and ramparts of Ardoch Roman Fort

The principal forts of the Gask Ridge frontier system were (from south to north):[5] Camelon, Drumquhassle, Malling/Menteith, Doune, Glenbank (fortlet), Bochastle, Ardoch, Kaims Castle (fortlet), Strageath, Dalginross, Bertha, Fendoch, Cargill (fort and fortlet), Inchtuthil (Legionary fortress), Cardean, Inverquharity (fortlet), and Stracathro.

The forts of Drumquhassle, Menteith/Malling, Bochastle, Doune, Dalginross and Fendoch in the southwest are collectively referred to as the Glenblocker forts in the older literature. This is due to their location at the exit of some of the glens or directly opposite them. The relationship between the Glenblocker forts and the Gask Ridge has in the past been seen to represent a staged withdrawal.[6] More recent research suggests that the three elements are actually part of the same frontier system, stretching roughly from Loch Lomond to Montrose. The Glenblocker forts in this scenario controlled access to major valleys in the frontier area, which actually loop back into the frontier area, rather than link to the Iron Age settlement concentration further north. Their role as an effective block to invasion is doubtful, as their situation would have allowed supervision, but their manpower was not strong enough to deter anything but small scale cattle raids.

Only the legionary fortress at Inchtuthil, conveniently situated for access into Braemar and the areas beyond, is large enough to have functioned as a major defence, or springboard for future invasions. The Gask Road and the towers alongside it in this scenario guarded the strategically important link to the harbours at the Firths of Tay and Forth and the Southern part of the province.[7]

Site of a Roman signal tower at Kirkhill

Tacitus writes in De vita Iulii Agricolae that Agricola was fighting in the area in around 80 CE. The latest coinage dates from 86 CE. This would suggest that the forts were occupied for at most 6 years. However, recent archaeology has shown that many of the forts comprising the Gask Ridge were rebuilt over time, sometimes twice, without any evidence of destruction through warfare. Further digs may cast some light on this apparent contradiction.

The forts of Ardoch, Strageath and Bertha on the Gask Road, as well as the forts of Cargill in Strathmore and the Glenblocker fort of Dalginross have also produced Antonine material attesting to a reuse of the sites contemporary with the Antonine Wall.[8]

In the Severan period the area was also under Roman occupation, which focused on the Legionary fortress of Carpow Roman Fort downstream from Perth.[9]

North of the Gask Ridge

The permanent sites discussed above are complemented by a series of large marching camps stretching from the Scottish Lowlands into Aberdeenshire and the Inverness area (where there are possible Roman forts like Cawdor). The Roman legions in the 1st century established a chain of very large forts at Ardoch, Strageath, Inchtuthil, Battledykes, Stracathro and Raedykes, taking the Elsick Mounth on the way to Normandykes, before going north to Glenmaillen, Bellie, Balnageith and Cawdor.

In the 1990s researchers have discovered new possible Roman Fortifications north of Inverness and the Moray Firth. The most important are Tarradale and Portmahomack. These are still being studied by RCAHMS in order to verify that they are really Roman structures.[10] Several reconstructions of their chronological role exist at present.

Roman Forts and Camps in northern Caledonia. Cawdor Roman Fort is located near Inverness. It is considered the northernmost place of Roman conquest and presence in Caledonia. In the 1990s two new Roman Fortifications have been discovered in Tarradale & Portmahomack[11]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Gask Ridge". Gazetteer for Scotland. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  2. ↑ William John Watson, 1973, The history of the Celtic place-names of Scotland, page 362. Irish University Press
  3. ↑ D. J. Woolliscroft. "Signalling and the Design of the Gask Ridge System". The Roman Gask Project. Retrieved 2011-05-19.
  4. ↑ Woolliscroft & Hoffmann 2007
  5. ↑ Gazetteer at The Roman Gask Project
  6. ↑ Breeze 1982
  7. ↑ Woolliscroft & Hoffmann 2007
  8. ↑ Woolliscroft & Hoffmann 2007, updating Hanson& Maxwell 1986
  9. ↑ Breeze 2007
  10. ↑ Portmahomack
  11. ↑ Citation needed

Bibliography

  • Breeze, D. Northern Frontiers of Roman Britain (1982)
  • Breeze, D. 'Roman Scotland (2007)
  • Hanson William, G.Maxwell. Rome's North-west Frontier: The Antonine Wall (1986)
  • Hanson, William S. "The Roman Presence: Brief Interludes", in Edwards, Kevin J. & Ralston, Ian B.M. (Eds) (2003) Scotland After the Ice Age: Environment, Archaeology and History, 8000 BC - AD 1000. Edinburgh. Edinburgh University Press.
  • Hanson, William S. Roman campaigns north of the Forth-Clyde isthmus: the evidence of the temporary camps, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol.109 142, 145 Edinburgh, 1980.
  • Macdonald, G (1916) The Roman camps at Raedykes and Glenmailen, Proc Soc Antiq Scot, vol.50 348-359
  • Maxwell, G S (1980) Agricola's campaigns: the evidence of the temporary camps, Scot Archaeol Forum, vol.12 34, 35, 40, 41
  • Moffat, Alistair (2005) Before Scotland: The Story of Scotland Before History. London. Thames & Hudson. ISBN 0-500-05133-X
  • Pitts, L. Inchtuthil. The Roman Legionary Fortress. Britannia Monograph Series 6 (1985)
  • Robertson, A S (1976) Agricola's campaigns in Scotland, and their aftermath, Scot Archaeol Forum, vol.7 4
  • St Joseph, J K (1951) Air reconnaissance of North Britain, J Roman Stud, vol.41 65
  • Woolliscroft,D. and Hoffmann,B. The First Frontier. Rome in the North of Scotland (Stroud: Tempus 2006)
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