Galileo (vibration training)
Galileo (in the US up until 2014 also available as Vibraflex) is a brand of vibration training platforms used as exercise equipment as well as for therapeutic use. It consists of a vibration platform which vibrates sinusoidal side alternating like a see-saw. Depending on the device size it oscillates with an amplitude of up to 6 mm (equivalent to a peak to peak distance of 12 mm) and a frequency of 5 Hz to 40 Hz (5 to 40 repetitions per second). Due to its high amplitudes and vibration frequencies above 12 Hz it is able to utilize stretch reflexes. Galileo is manufactured in Germany by the German company Novotec Medical GmbH. Since 2004 Galileo is also available as a medical device.
Basic Function
The base plate of Galileo vibration training devices is moving like a see-saw. This side alternating motion is supposed to mimic human gait in order to utilize nearly physiological motion patterns close to the side alternating human gait. The side alternation causes the hip to tilt which requires the contra lateral muscles of the back to be activated – while one leg is lifted the other drops.[1] Compared to vertically vibrating devices the side alternating motion results in very low acceleration acting on the centre of gravity of the upper body and the head.[2][3][4]
Fields of Application
Side alternating vibration training is used in a wide range of applications like fitness, professional sports, prevention as well as in medical and therapeutic use.
History
History of Galileo Training Devices
The first Galileo patent was filed in 1996 in the same year the first Galileo device was commercially available. The first publications the new field of whole body vibration (WBV) training in 1998 used Galileo devices.[5][6] Therefore, the Galileo systems were the first available devices in the field of Whole Body Vibration training. While other devices like the biomechanical stimulation systems associated with the name of Vladimir Nazarov were concentrating on selected muscle groups, WBV devices allow a more systematic training since the user stands on the device. Side alternating vibration training is able to stimulate the leg muscles as well as the back in a close to physiological way quite similar to the human gait.
Also in 1996 the first Galileo vibrating dumbbell patent was filed. It was optimized for the usage at the upper body. First research on this system was published in 1999.[7]
Since 2006 Galileo is also available as an approved medical device in Europe.
Training Parameters
The more than 180 international peer reviewed studies about whole body vibration training show quite a variance in training results even in studies which seem to be comparable on first sight. This is partly due to device specific differences (e.g. side alternation vs. vertical vibration, large differences in training amplitudes and used frequencies[2][3][8][9][10]) which makes the results of studies difficult to compare. In addition many study designs seem not to incorporate the basic rules of adaptation of the training intensity to the individual as described in modern training methodology. Further more the precise training parameters are mostly described only incompletely. As a result, it can often not be distinguished weather a negative outcome is related to vibration training itself or mainly to a lack of adaptation of the training to the abilities of the trainee.[9][10]
The main parameters which can be altered in vibration training are:
Amplitude
The higher the amplitude the more intense the training). A higher amplitude results in a higher elongation of ligaments and muscles as well as in a higher elongation speed. Hence the amplitude influences the maximum stretching as well as the maximum motion velocity. Since the Galileo devices are based on a see-saw motion the amplitude can be varied by the foot position: the further apart the feet the larger the amplitude. If the amplitude can not be increased, additional weights (e.g. weight vests or dumbbells) can be used to increase the training stimulus.[2][11]
In literature as well as in advertisements be aware that when comparing published results or devices, the amplitude (maximum displacement from equilibrium) is often confused with the peak to peak distance (displacement from the lowest to the highest point, or twice the amplitude).[12]
Frequency
(Number of repetitions per second): by choosing a certain range of frequencies the training objective is selected. According to muscle physiology and the transmission speed of the Nerve there are at least three frequency ranges to be discriminated (the following ranges can alter slightly between individuals depending on their age, degree of fitness and genetic preposition):
- below about 12 Hz: The round-loop time of the sensory nerves (afferent signal), its computation and the motor nerves (efferent signal) lies usually between 80 ms and 100 ms which is equivalent of a frequency of 10 Hz to 12.5 Hz. For vibration frequencies below this threshold the postural system (balance sense) is able to compensate actively each individual movement of the platform. Within this frequency range hence training is focused on Proprioception, balance but also mobilization.
- between about 12 Hz and 20 Hz: above the roundup time there is not enough time for the body to actively respond to each individual movement of the platform. Hence it needs to use other means of reaction like the stretch reflex.[13][14] The Muscle contraction time of typical muscle composition of fast and slow twitch fibres needs about 25ms, the typical relaxation time is about the same. Hence a complete cycle of contraction an relaxations needs about 50 ms which is equivalent to a frequency of 20 Hz. Below this frequency of 20 Hz all muscles in the muscle chain needed for the performed motion (with Galileo the simulated human gait) can undergo a complete contraction and relaxation cycle. Hence this range of frequencies focuses on inter and intra muscular coordination, stretching and relaxation (for examples for muscles of the lower and upper back[1]
- above about 20 Hz: Above a frequency of about 20 Hz there is less and less time for the muscles to relax. Hence in this frequency range with increasing frequencies the muscle tone / co-contraction increases. This frequency range targets training of muscle power and muscle mass of the fast twitch fibres. For average people an increase above 30 Hz especially using the large amplitudes that can be used with Galileo results in an overburden. Only in few specialized athletes (e.g. sprinters or jumpers) training frequencies of 35 Hz or even 40 Hz can be beneficial. Good examples of this training scheme is the increased jumping height in volleyball players[5][6] or the increased muscle power in elderly women.[15]
Position & Posture
Especially in frequency ranges where stretch reflexes are triggered the position and posture standing on the device is of importance. Stretch reflexes are triggered in any tensed muscle which is additionally stretched fast enough (e.g. by vibrations). Depending on the position and posture different muscle groups are tensed. For example: standing with slightly bent knees on the fore foot focuses the training on the calf muscle, putting more weight in the same position on the heels focuses the training on the upper legs.[16][17] Straitening the knees further focuses the training on the muscles of the lower back.[2][3][18][19]
Repetitions
Like in any training the number of repetitions and number of training days per week are an important factor to increase efficiency. Most research on Galileo tried to optimize training effects in a minimum of time. Hence typically two training sessions per week of less than 15 minutes duration have been reported. A few reported even daily usage but for very intense training at high frequencies in order to build up muscle power and volume a rest period of at least one day as with any intense training seems to be advisable.[9]
Research Articles on Galileo Vibration Training
With more than 220 peer reviewed publications most of them listed in PubMed starting with the work of Bosco in 1998.[6] which was the initial publication forging the term "Whole Body Vibration Training".
The fields of research done with Galileo devices include:
- research of the basic effects[5][6][7][16][17][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43][44][45][46][47][48][49][50][51][52][53][54][55][56][57][58][59][60][61][62]
- hormonal effects[63][64][65]
- stretch reflex[13][14][66][67][68][69][70]
- stretching[71]
- cardio vascular effects[72][73][74][75][76][77]
- geriatric applications (osteoporosis prevention, balance training, muscle power improvement, fall prevention, sarcopenia, dynapenia)[15][37][42][50][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96][97][98][99][100][101][101][102][103]
- therapy of incontinence[104][105][106][107][108]
- therapy of neurological diseases (Parkinson, Multiple Sclerosis (MS), stroke, chronic fatigue syndrome)[45][68][90][109][110][111][112][113][114][115][116][117][118][119][120][121]
- spinal cord injury[68][122][123][124][125]
- parkinsons disease, multiple sclerosis (MS)[109]
- Stroke[120][126][127]
- pulmonary diseases, COPD, lung transplant[128][129][130][131][132]
- intensive care[133]
- therapy of back pain[1][112][134][135][136][137][138]
- pediatric therapy (chronic diseases, immobilization, cystic vibrosis, osteogenesis imperfecta, cerebral palsy, scoliosis, muscle atrophy, duchenne, spina bifida, down syndrome)[68][116][139][140][141][142][143][144][145][146][147][148][149][150][151][152][153][154][155][156][157][158][159][160][161]
- rehabilitation / physiotherapy[19][68][146][162][163][164][165][166][167][168][169][170]
- sports[2][5][6][26][35][40][51][99][103][169][171][172][173][174][175][176][177][178][179][180][181][182][183][184][185]
- space research / bed-rest studies[69][186][186][187][188][189][190][191][192][193][194][195][196][197][198][199][200][201][202][203][204][205][206][207][208][209][210][211][212][213][214][215][216][217][218][219]
- Galileo Dumbbell[7][27][176][182][220]
- comparisons and summaries[3][4][8][11][12][18][19][22][52][185][221][222]
References
- 1 2 3 Rittweger J, Just K, Kautzsch K, Reeg P, Felsenberg D (2002). "Treatment of chronic lower back pain with lumbar extension and whole-body vibration exercise: a randomized controlled trial". Spine. 27 (17): 1829–34. doi:10.1097/00007632-200209010-00003. PMID 12221343.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Pel JJ, Bagheri J, Van Dam LM, Van Den Berg-Emons HJ, Horemans HL, Stam HJ, Van Der Steen J (2009). "Platform accelerations of three different whole-body vibration devices and the transmission of vertical vibrations to the lower limbs". Medical engineering & physics. 31 (8): 937–44. doi:10.1016/j.medengphy.2009.05.005. PMID 19523867.
- 1 2 3 4 Abercromby AF, Amonette WE, Layne CS, McFarlin BK, Hinman MR, Paloski WH (2007). "Vibration exposure and biodynamic responses during whole-body vibration training". Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 39 (10): 1794–800. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e3181238a0f. PMID 17909407.
- 1 2 Spitzenpfeil P, Stritzker M, Kirchbichler A, Tusker F, Hartmann U, Hartard H (2006). "Mechanical impacts to the human body by different vibration training devices". Journal of Biomechanics. 39 (Suppl 1): 196. doi:10.1016/S0021-9290(06)83707-3.
- 1 2 3 4 Bosco C, Colli R, Introini E, Cardinale M, Tsarpela O, Madella A, Tihanyi J, Viru A (1999). "Adaptive responses of human skeletal muscle to vibration exposure.". Clinical physiology (Oxford, England). 19 (2): 183–7. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2281.1999.00155.x. PMID 10200901.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Bosco C, Cardinale M, Tsarpela O, Colli R, Tihanyi J, Ducillard C, Viru A (1998). "The Influence of Whole Body Vibration on Jumping Performance" (PDF). Biology of Sport. 15 (3): 157–164.
- 1 2 3 Bosco C, Cardinale M, Tsarpela O (1999). "Influence of vibration on mechanical power and electromyogram activity in human arm flexor muscles". European journal of applied physiology and occupational physiology. 79 (4): 306–11. doi:10.1007/s004210050512. PMID 10090628.
- 1 2 Cardinale M, Wakeling J (2005). "Whole body vibration exercise: are vibrations good for you?". British journal of sports medicine. 39 (9): 585–9; discussion 589. doi:10.1136/bjsm.2005.016857. PMC 1725325. PMID 16118292.
- 1 2 3 Baur, C (2007). "Metaanalyse zur Veränderung der Leistungsfähigkeit durch Vibrationstraining" (PDF). Deutsche Zeitschrift für Sportmedizin. Retrieved 7 December 2010.
- 1 2 Wilcock IM, Whatman C, Harris N, Keogh JW (2009). "Vibration training: could it enhance the strength, power, or speed of athletes?". Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 23 (2): 593–603. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e318196b81f. PMID 19258884.
- 1 2 Cardinale M, Rittweger J (2006). "Vibration exercise makes your muscles and bones stronger: fact or fiction?". The journal of the British Menopause Society. 12 (1): 12–8. doi:10.1258/136218006775997261. PMID 16513017.
- 1 2 Rauch F, Sievanen H, Boonen S, Cardinale M, Degens H, Felsenberg D, Roth J, Schoenau E, et al. (2010). "Reporting whole-body vibration intervention studies: recommendations of the International Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions". Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions. 10 (3): 193–8. PMID 20811143.
- 1 2 Hopkins JT, Fredericks D, Guyon PW, Parker S, Gage M, Feland JB, Hunter I (2009). "Whole body vibration does not potentiate the stretch reflex". International journal of sports medicine. 30 (2): 124–9. doi:10.1055/s-2008-1038885. PMID 18773376.
- 1 2 Ritzmann R, Kramer A, Gruber M, Gollhofer A, Taube W (2010). "EMG activity during whole body vibration: motion artifacts or stretch reflexes?". European journal of applied physiology. 110 (1): 143–51. doi:10.1007/s00421-010-1483-x. PMID 20419311.
- 1 2 Russo CR, Lauretani F, Bandinelli S, Bartali B, Cavazzini C, Guralnik JM, Ferrucci L (2003). "High-frequency vibration training increases muscle power in postmenopausal women". Archives of physical medicine and rehabilitation. 84 (12): 1854–7. doi:10.1016/S0003-9993(03)00357-5. PMID 14669194.
- 1 2 Berschin G, Sommer HM (2010). "The influence of posture on transmission and absorption of vibration energy in whole body vibration exercise". Sportverletzung Sportschaden : Organ der Gesellschaft fur Orthopadisch-Traumatologische Sportmedizin. 24 (1): 36–9. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1245119. PMID 20229446.
- 1 2 Berschin G, Fischer H, Sommer HM: "Zur Bedeutung der Körperhaltung beim Training auf Vibrationsplattformen", Z. f. Physiotherapeuten, 58/3:208-212, 2006
- 1 2 Abercromby AF, Amonette WE, Layne CS, McFarlin BK, Hinman MR, Paloski WH (2007). "Variation in neuromuscular responses during acute whole-body vibration exercise". Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 39 (9): 1642–50. doi:10.1249/mss.0b013e318093f551. PMID 17805098.
- 1 2 3 Burkhardt A (2006). "Vibrationstraining in der Physiotherapie - Wippen mit Wirkung". Physiopraxis. 9: 22–25.
- ↑ Cochrane DJ, Stannard SR, Firth EC, Rittweger J (2010). "Comparing muscle temperature during static and dynamic squatting with and without whole-body vibration". Clinical physiology and functional imaging. 30 (4): 223–9. doi:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2010.00931.x. PMID 20491843.
- ↑ Rittweger J, Moss AD, Colier W, Stewart C, Degens H (2010). "Muscle tissue oxygenation and VEGF in VO-matched vibration and squatting exercise". Clinical physiology and functional imaging. 30 (4): 269–78. doi:10.1111/j.1475-097X.2010.00937.x. PMID 20497445.
- 1 2 Rittweger J (2010). "Vibration as an exercise modality: how it may work, and what its potential might be". European journal of applied physiology. 108 (5): 877–904. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1303-3. PMID 20012646.
- ↑ Pellegrini MJ, Lythgo ND, Morgan DL, Galea MP (2010). "Voluntary activation of the ankle plantar flexors following whole-body vibration". European journal of applied physiology. 108 (5): 927–34. doi:10.1007/s00421-009-1304-2. PMID 19946699.
- ↑ Rittweger J, Beller G, Felsenberg D (2000). "Acute physiological effects of exhaustive whole-body vibration exercise in man". Clinical physiology (Oxford, England). 20 (2): 134–42. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2281.2000.00238.x. PMID 10735981.
- ↑ Kleinöder H, Mester J: "Sicherheit und Leistungsoptimierung im Vibrationstraining", BISp-Jahrbuch, :253-258, 2003
- 1 2 Cochrane DJ, Stannard SR, Walmsely A, Firth EC (2008). "The acute effect of vibration exercise on concentric muscular characteristics". Journal of science and medicine in sport / Sports Medicine Australia. 11 (6): 527–34. doi:10.1016/j.jsams.2007.04.006. PMID 17714990.
- 1 2 Cochrane DJ, Stannard SR, Sargeant AJ, Rittweger J (2008). "The rate of muscle temperature increase during acute whole-body vibration exercise". European journal of applied physiology. 103 (4): 441–8. doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0736-4. PMID 18392845.
- ↑ Torvinen S, Kannu P, Sievänen H, Järvinen TA, Pasanen M, Kontulainen S, Järvinen TL, Järvinen M, et al. (2002). "Effect of a vibration exposure on muscular performance and body balance. Randomized cross-over study". Clinical physiology and functional imaging. 22 (2): 145–52. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2281.2002.00410.x. PMID 12005157.
- ↑ De Ruiter CJ, Van Raak SM, Schilperoort JV, Hollander AP, De Haan A (2003). "The effects of 11 weeks whole body vibration training on jump height, contractile properties and activation of human knee extensors". European journal of applied physiology. 90 (5–6): 595–600. doi:10.1007/s00421-003-0931-2. PMID 12923646.
- ↑ De Ruiter CJ, Van Der Linden RM, Van Der Zijden MJ, Hollander AP, De Haan A (2003). "Short-term effects of whole-body vibration on maximal voluntary isometric knee extensor force and rate of force rise". European journal of applied physiology. 88 (4–5): 472–5. doi:10.1007/s00421-002-0723-0. PMID 12527980.
- ↑ Savelberg HH, Keizer HA, Meijer K (2007). "Whole-body vibration induced adaptation in knee extensors; consequences of initial strength, vibration frequency, and joint angle". Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 21 (2): 589–93. doi:10.1519/R-20766.1. PMID 17530984.
- ↑ Pollock, Ross D.; Woledge, Roger C.; Mills, Kerry R.; Martin, Finbarr C.; Newham, Di J. (October 2010). "Muscle activity and acceleration during whole body vibration: effect of frequency and amplitude". Clin Biomech (Bristol, Avon). 25 (8): 840–6. doi:10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2010.05.004. PMID 20541297.
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- ↑ Schiessl, H: Die Muskel-Knochen-Einheit: Der Muskel als Kraftquelle für die Knochenmechanik, Orthopädische und Unfallchirurgische Praxis, 1/2:66-, 2012
- 1 2 Item F, Nocito A, Thony S, Bachler T, Boutellier U, Wenger RH, Toigo M: Combined whole-body vibration, resistance exercise, and sustained vascular occlusion increases PGC-1alpha and VEGF mRNA abundances., Eur J Appl Physiol, 113(4):1081-90, 2013; PMID 23086295
- ↑ Perchthaler D, Horstmann T, Grau S: Variations in neuromuscular activity of thigh muscles during whole-body vibration in consideration of different biomechanical variables., J Sports Sci Med, 12(3):439-46, 2013; PMID 24149149
- 1 2 Spiliopoulou SI, Amiridis IG, Tsigganos G, Hatzitaki V: Side-alternating vibration training for balance and ankle muscle strength in untrained women., J Athl Train, 48(5):590-600, 2013; PMID 23914911
- ↑ Beijer A, Rosenberger A, Bolck B, Suhr F, Rittweger J, Bloch W: Whole-Body Vibrations Do Not Elevate the Angiogenic Stimulus when Applied during Resistance Exercise., PLoS One, 8(11):e80143, 2013; PMID 24260349
- ↑ Weber T, Beijer A, Rosenberger A, Mulder E, Yang P, Schonau E, Bloch W, Rittweger J: Vascular adaptations induced by 6 weeks WBV resistance exercise training., Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, 33(2):92-100, 2013; PMID 23383686
- 1 2 Karatrantou K, Gerodimos V, Dipla K, Zafeiridis A: Whole-body vibration training improves flexibility, strength profile of knee flexors, and hamstrings-to-quadriceps strength ratio in females., J Sci Med Sport, 16:477–481, 2013; PMID 23253266
- ↑ Sherk VD, Chrisman C, Smith J, Young KC, Singh H, Bemben MG, Bemben DA: Acute Bone Marker Responses to Whole-Body Vibration and Resistance Exercise in Young Women., J Clin Densitom, 16(1):104–109, 2013; PMID 22902255
- 1 2 Baumbach SF, Fasser M, Polzer H, Sieb M, Regauer M, Mutschler W, Schieker M, Blauth M: Study protocol: the effect of whole body vibration on acute unilateral unstable lateral ankle sprain- a biphasic randomized controlled trial., BMC Musculoskelet Disord, 14(1):22, 2013; PMID 23316791
- ↑ Beijer A, Rosenberger A, Weber T, Zange J, May F, Schoenau E, Mester J, Bloch W, Rittweger J.: Randomized controlled study on resistive vibration exercise(EVE Study): protocol, implementation and feasibility, J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact., 13(2):147-56, 2013; PMID 23728101
- ↑ Friesenbichler B, Nigg BM, Dunn JF.: Local metabolic rate during whole body vibration., J Appl Physiol., 114(10)::1421-5, 2013; PMID 23493356
- 1 2 Ritzmann R, Gollhofer A, Kramer A: The influence of vibration type, frequency, body position and additional load on the neuromuscular activity during whole body vibration., Eur J Appl Physiol., (113):1-11, 2013; PMID 22538279
- ↑ Johnson PK, Feland JB, Johnson AW, Mack GW, Mitchell UH: Effect of whole body vibration on skin blood flow and nitric oxide production., J Diabetes Sci Technol, 8(4):889-94, 2014; PMID 24876449
- ↑ Huh JY, Mougios V, Skraparlis A, Kabasakalis A, Mantzoros CS: Irisin in response to acute and chronic whole-body vibration exercise in humans., Metabolism, 63(7):918-21, 2014; PMID 24814685
- ↑ Beijer A, Degens H, Weber T, Rosenberger A, Gehlert S, Herrera F, Kohl-Bareis M, Zange J, Bloch W, Rittweger J: Microcirculation of skeletal muscle adapts differently to a resistive exercise intervention with and without superimposed whole-body vibrations., Clin Physiol Funct Imaging, ():, 2014; PMID 25041226
- ↑ Friesenbichler B, Lienhard K, Vienneau J, Nigg BM: Vibration transmission to lower extremity soft tissues during whole-body vibration., J Biomech, 47(12):2858-62, 2014; PMID 25128392
- 1 2 Hiroshige K, Mahbub MH, Harada N: Effects of whole-body vibration on postural balance and proprioception in healthy young and elderly subjects: a randomized cross-over study., J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 54(2):216-24, 2014; PMID 24509994
- 1 2 Mueller SM, Aguayo D, Lunardi F, Ruoss S, Boutellier U, Frese S, Petersen JA, Jung HH, Toigo M: High-load resistance exercise with superimposed vibration and vascular occlusion increases critical power, capillaries and lean mass in endurance-trained men., Eur J Appl Physiol, 114(1):123-33, 2014; PMID 24154560
- 1 2 Rohlmann A, Schmidt H, Gast U, Kutzner I, Damm P, Bergmann G: In vivo measurements of the effect of whole body vibration on spinal loads., Eur Spine J, 23(3):666-72, 2014; PMID 24201510
- ↑ Rosenberger A, Liphardt AM, Bargmann A, Muller K, Beck L, Mester J, Zange J: EMG and Heart Rate Responses Decline within 5 Days of Daily Whole-Body Vibration Training with Squatting., PLoS One, 9(6):e99060, 2014; PMID 24905721
- ↑ Zeeman ME, Kartha S, Jaumard NV, Baig HA, Stablow AM, Lee J, Guarino BB, Winkelstein BA: Whole-body Vibration at Thoracic Resonance Induces Sustained Pain and Widespread Cervical Neuroinflammation in the Rat., Clin Orthop Relat Res, ():, 2015; PMID 25917423
- ↑ Sun C, Zeng R, Cao G, Song Z, Zhang Y, Liu C: Vibration Training Triggers Brown Adipocyte Relative Protein Expression in Rat White Adipose Tissue., Biomed Res Int, 2015():919401, 2015; PMID 26125027
- ↑ Theodorou AA, Gerodimos V, Karatrantou K, Paschalis V, Chanou K, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG: Acute and Chronic Whole-Body Vibration Exercise does not Induce Health-Promoting Effects on The Blood Profile., J Hum Kinet, 46():107-18, 2015; PMID 26240654
- ↑ ZHAOJING CHEN, PRAGYA SHARMA-GHIMIRE, XIN YE, DAEYEOL KIM, MICHAEL BEMBEN, and DEBRA BEMBEN: Acute Effects of Whole-Body Vibration and Resistance Exercise on Cortisol Concentrations in Young Men, International Journal of Exercise Science 2015., 8(1):11-20, 2015
- ↑ Bemben DA, Sharma-Ghimire P, Chen Z, Kim E, Kim D, Bemben MG: Effects of whole-body vibration on acute bone turnover marker responses to resistance exercise in young men., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 15(1):23-31, 2015; PMID 25730649
- ↑ Hermus J, Hays C, Adamski M, Lider H, Westlund J, SCholp A, Webster J, Buehring B: Posture Monitor for Vibration Exercise Training, IEEE, 978-1-4799-1792-1:, 2015
- ↑ Kim JH, Seo HJ: Influence of pelvic position and vibration frequency on muscle activation during whole body vibration in quiet standing., J Phys Ther Sci, 27(4):1055-8, 2015; PMID 25995555
- ↑ Menendez H, Martin-Hernandez J, Ferrero C, Figueroa A, Herrero AJ, Marin PJ: Influence of isolated or simultaneous application of electromyostimulation and vibration on leg blood flow., Eur J Appl Physiol, 115(8):1747-55, 2015; PMID 25820213
- ↑ Perchthaler D, Hauser S, Heitkamp HC, Hein T, Grau S: Acute effects of whole-body vibration on trunk and neck muscle activity in consideration of different vibration loads., J Sports Sci Med, 14(1):155-62, 2015; PMID 25729303
- ↑ Bosco C, Colli R, Cardinale M, Tsarpela O, Bonifazi M (1999). "The Effect of Whole-Body Vibration on Mechanical Behaviour of Skeletal Muscle and Hormonal Profil". Musculo-Skeletal Interactions. 2: 67–76.
- ↑ Goto K, Takamatsu K (2005). "Hormone and lipolytic responses to whole body vibration in young men". The Japanese journal of physiology. 55 (5): 279–84. doi:10.2170/jjphysiol.RP000305. PMID 16271160.
- ↑ Kvorning T, Bagger M, Caserotti P, Madsen K (2006). "Effects of vibration and resistance training on neuromuscular and hormonal measures". European journal of applied physiology. 96 (5): 615–25. doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0139-3. PMID 16482475.
- ↑ Cochrane DJ, Loram ID, Stannard SR, Rittweger J (2009). "Changes in joint angle, muscle-tendon complex length, muscle contractile tissue displacement, and modulation of EMG activity during acute whole-body vibration". Muscle & nerve. 40 (3): 420–9. doi:10.1002/mus.21330. PMID 19618430.
- ↑ Ritzmann R, Gollhofer A, Kramer A: The influence of vibration type, frequency, body position and additional load on the neuromuscular activity during whole body vibration., Eur J Appl Physiol, ():, 2012; PMID 22538279
- 1 2 3 4 5 Kang Hee Cho · Jaewon Beom ·Hyun Keun Lee: Effects of Whole Body Vibration on H-reflex and Spasticity after Spinal Cord Injury: A Pilot Study, Rehabilitation Conference Korea, :, 2013
- 1 2 Kramer A, Gollhofer A, Ritzmann R.: Acute exposure to microgravity does not influence the H-reflex with or without whole body vibration and does not cause vibration-specific changes in muscular activity., J Electromyogr Kinesiol., 23(4):872-8, 2013; PMID 23541330
- ↑ Ritzmann R, Kramer A, Gollhofer A, Taube W: The effect of whole body vibration on the H-reflex, the stretch reflex, and the short-latency response during hopping., Scand J Med Sci Sports, 23(3):331-9, 2013; PMID 23802287
- ↑ Feland JB, Hawks M, Hopkins JT, Hunter I, Johnson AW, Eggett DL (2010). "Whole body vibration as an adjunct to static stretching". International journal of sports medicine. 31 (8): 584–9. doi:10.1055/s-0030-1254084. PMID 20535662.
- ↑ Kerschan-Schindl K, Grampp S, Henk C, Resch H, Preisinger E, Fialka-Moser V, Imhof H (2001). "Whole-body vibration exercise leads to alterations in muscle blood volume". Clinical physiology (Oxford, England). 21 (3): 377–82. doi:10.1046/j.1365-2281.2001.00335.x. PMID 11380538.
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- ↑ Jacobs PL, Burns P (2009). "Acute enhancement of lower-extremity dynamic strength and flexibility with whole-body vibration". Journal of strength and conditioning research / National Strength & Conditioning Association. 23 (1): 51–7. doi:10.1519/JSC.0b013e3181839f19. PMID 18824930.
- ↑ Berschin G, Schmiedeberg I, Sommer HM: "Zum Einsatz von Vibrationstraining als spezifisches Schnellkrafttrainingsmittel in Sportspielen - am Beispiel Rugby", Leistungssport, 4:, 2003
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- 1 2 Trudel G, Coletta E, Cameron I, Belavy DL, Lecompte M, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D, Uhthoff HK: Resistive exercises, with or without whole body vibration, prevent vertebral marrow fat accumulation during 60 days of head-down tilt bed rest in men., J Appl Physiol, 112(11):1824-31, 2012; PMID 22442031
- ↑ Belavy DL, Beller G, Armbrecht G, Perschel FH, Fitzner R, Bock O, Borst H, Degner C, Gast U, Felsenberg D: Evidence for an additional effect of whole-body vibration above resistive exercise alone in preventing bone loss during prolonged bed rest., Osteoporos Int, 22(5):1581-91, 2011; PMID 20814665
- ↑ Salanova M, Bortoloso E, Schiffl G, Gutsmann M, Belavy DL, Felsenberg D, Furlan S, Volpe P, Blottner D: Expression and regulation of Homer in human skeletal muscle during neuromuscular junction adaptation to disuse and exercise., FASEB J, ():, 2011
- ↑ Belavy DL, Beller G, Ritter Z, Felsenberg D: Bone structure and density via HR-pQCT in 60d bed-rest, 2-years recovery with and without countermeasures., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 11(3):215-26, 2011
- ↑ Miokovic T, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D, Belavy DL: Differential atrophy of the postero-lateral hip musculature during prolonged bed-rest and the influence of exercise countermeasures, J Appl Physiol., 110(4::926-34., 2011; PMID 21233337
- ↑ Buehring B, Belavy DL, Michaelis I, Gast U, Felsenberg D, Rittweger J: Changes in lower extremity muscle function after 56 days of bed rest., J Appl Physiol, 111(1):87-94, 2011; PMID 21527664
- ↑ Belavý DL, Bock O, Börst H, Armbrecht G, Gast U, Degner C, Beller G, Soll H, et al. (2010). "The 2nd Berlin BedRest Study: protocol and implementation". Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions. 10 (3): 207–19. PMID 20811145.
- ↑ Armbrecht G, Belavý DL, Gast U, Bongrazio M, Touby F, Beller G, Roth HJ, Perschel FH, et al. (2010). "Resistive vibration exercise attenuates bone and muscle atrophy in 56 days of bed rest: biochemical markers of bone metabolism". Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 21 (4): 597–607. doi:10.1007/s00198-009-0985-z. PMID 19536451.
- ↑ Dilani Mendis M, Hides JA, Wilson SJ, Grimaldi A, Belavý DL, Stanton W, Felsenberg D, Rittweger J, Richardson C (2009). "Effect of prolonged bed rest on the anterior hip muscles". Gait & Posture. 30 (4): 533–7. doi:10.1016/j.gaitpost.2009.08.002. PMID 19726188.
- ↑ Rittweger J, Beller G, Armbrecht G, Mulder E, Buehring B, Gast U, Dimeo F, Schubert H, et al. (2010). "Prevention of bone loss during 56 days of strict bed rest by side-alternating resistive vibration exercise". Bone. 46 (1): 137–47. doi:10.1016/j.bone.2009.08.051. PMID 19732856.
- ↑ Mulder ER, Horstman AM, Stegeman DF, De Haan A, Belavý DL, Miokovic T, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D, Gerrits KH (2009). "Influence of vibration resistance training on knee extensor and plantar flexor size, strength, and contractile speed characteristics after 60 days of bed rest". Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985). 107 (6): 1789–98. doi:10.1152/japplphysiol.00230.2009. PMID 19797694.
- ↑ Mulder ER, Gerrits KH, Kleine BU, Rittweger J, Felsenberg D, De Haan A, Stegeman DF (2009). "High-density surface EMG study on the time course of central nervous and peripheral neuromuscular changes during 8 weeks of bed rest with or without resistive vibration exercise". Journal of Electromyography and Kinesiology. 19 (2): 208–18. doi:10.1016/j.jelekin.2007.04.002. PMID 17560125.
- ↑ Belavý DL, Miokovic T, Armbrecht G, Rittweger J, Felsenberg D (2009). "Resistive vibration exercise reduces lower limb muscle atrophy during 56-day bed-rest". Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions. 9 (4): 225–35. PMID 19949280.
- ↑ Mulder ER, Stegeman DF, Gerrits KH, Paalman MI, Rittweger J, Felsenberg D, De Haan A (2006). "Strength, size and activation of knee extensors followed during 8 weeks of horizontal bed rest and the influence of a countermeasure". European journal of applied physiology. 97 (6): 706–15. doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0241-6. PMID 16786354.
- ↑ Rittweger J, Belavy D, Hunek P, Gast U, Boerst H, Feilcke B, Armbrecht G, Mulder E, et al. (2006). "Highly demanding resistive vibration exercise program is tolerated during 56 days of strict bed-rest". International journal of sports medicine. 27 (7): 553–9. doi:10.1055/s-2005-872903. PMID 16802251.
- ↑ Blottner D, Salanova M, Püttmann B, Schiffl G, Felsenberg D, Buehring B, Rittweger J (2006). "Human skeletal muscle structure and function preserved by vibration muscle exercise following 55 days of bed rest". European journal of applied physiology. 97 (3): 261–71. doi:10.1007/s00421-006-0160-6. PMID 16568340.
- ↑ Rittweger J, Felsenberg D, Maganaris C, Ferretti JL (2007). "Vertical jump performance after 90 days bed rest with and without flywheel resistive exercise, including a 180 days follow-up". European journal of applied physiology. 100 (4): 427–36. doi:10.1007/s00421-007-0443-6. PMID 17406887.
- ↑ Mulder ER, Kuebler WM, Gerrits KH, Rittweger J, Felsenberg D, Stegeman DF, De Haan A (2007). "Knee extensor fatigability after bedrest for 8 weeks with and without countermeasure". Muscle & nerve. 36 (6): 798–806. doi:10.1002/mus.20870. PMID 17661376.
- ↑ Mulder ER, Gerrits KH, Rittweger J, Felsenberg D, Stegeman DF, De Haan A (2008). "Characteristics of fast voluntary and electrically evoked isometric knee extensions during 56 days of bed rest with and without exercise countermeasure". European journal of applied physiology. 103 (4): 431–40. doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0724-8. PMC 2358938. PMID 18386049.
- ↑ Van Duijnhoven NT, Bleeker MW, De Groot PC, Thijssen DH, Felsenberg D, Rittweger J, Hopman MT (2008). "The effect of bed rest and an exercise countermeasure on leg venous function". European journal of applied physiology. 104 (6): 991–8. doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0854-z. PMID 18719936.
- ↑ Ashe MC, Liu-Ambrose TY, Cooper DM, Khan KM, McKay HA (2008). "Muscle power is related to tibial bone strength in older women". Osteoporosis international : a journal established as result of cooperation between the European Foundation for Osteoporosis and the National Osteoporosis Foundation of the USA. 19 (12): 1725–32. doi:10.1007/s00198-008-0655-6. PMID 18629571.
- ↑ Belavý DL, Hides JA, Wilson SJ, Stanton W, Dimeo FC, Rittweger J, Felsenberg D, Richardson CA (2008). "Resistive simulated weightbearing exercise with whole body vibration reduces lumbar spine deconditioning in bed-rest". Spine. 33 (5): E121–31. doi:10.1097/BRS.0b013e3181657f98. PMID 18317179.
- ↑ Zange J, Mester J, Heer M, Kluge G, Liphardt AM (2009). "20-Hz whole body vibration training fails to counteract the decrease in leg muscle volume caused by 14 days of 6 degrees head down tilt bed rest". European journal of applied physiology. 105 (2): 271–7. doi:10.1007/s00421-008-0899-z. PMID 18972127.
- ↑ Belavý DL, Armbrecht G, Gast U, Richardson CA, Hides JA, Felsenberg D: Countermeasures against lumbar spine deconditioning in prolonged bed rest: resistive exercise with and without whole body vibration, J Appl Physiol., 109(6):1801-11, 2010
- ↑ Almstedt HC, Urbinati CR, Ligouri GC, Spiegel M, Stapleton MR, Shoepe TC: 12-weeks of Whole Body Vibration with Resistance Exercise is Osteogenic at the Spine, ACSM annual meeting, :, 2011
- ↑ Belavy DL, Seibel MJ, Roth HJ, Armbrecht G, Rittweger J, Felsenberg D: The effects of bed rest and counter measure exercise on the endocrine system in male adults - evidence for immobilization induced reduction in SHBG levels., J Endocrinol Invest, 35(1):54-62, 2012; PMID 21422800
- ↑ Belavy DL, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D: Incomplete recovery of lumbar intervertebral discs 2 years after 60-day bed rest., Spine (Phila Pa 1976), 37(14):1245-51, 2012; PMID 21971124
- ↑ Gast U, John S, Runge M, Rawer R, Felsenberg D, Belavy DL: Short-Duration Resistive Exercise Sustains Neuromuscular Function after Bed Rest., Med Sci Sports Exerc., (44):1764-72, 2012; PMID 22460472
- ↑ Belavy DL, Miokovic T, Armbrecht G, Felsenberg D: Hypertrophy in the cervical muscles and thoracic discs in bed-rest?, J Appl Physiol, 115(5):586-96, 2013; PMID 23813530
- ↑ Blottner D, Bosutti A, Degens H, Schiffl G, Gutsmann M, Buehlmeier J, Rittweger J, Ganse B, Heer M, Salanova M: Whey protein plus bicarbonate supplement has little effects on structural atrophy and proteolysis marker immunopatterns in skeletal muscle disuse during 21 days of bed rest., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 14(4):432-44, 2014; PMID 25524969
- ↑ Haider T, Gunga HC, Matteucci-Gothe R, Sottara E, Griesmacher A, Belavy DL, Felsenberg D, Werner A, Schobersberger W: Effects of long-term head-down-tilt bed rest and different training regimes on the coagulation system of healthy men., Physiol Rep, 1(6):e00135, 2014; PMID 24400137
- ↑ Miokovic T, Armbrecht G, Gast U, Rawer R, Roth HJ, Runge M, Felsenberg D, Belavy DL: Muscle atrophy, pain, and damage in bed rest reduced by resistive (vibration) exercise., Med Sci Sports Exerc, 46(8):1506-16, 2014; PMID 24561811
- ↑ Sievanen H, Karinkanta S, Moisio-Vilenius P, Ripsaluoma J: Feasibility of whole-body vibration training in nursing home residents with low physical function: a pilot study., Aging Clin Exp Res, 26(5):511-7, 2014; PMID 24633589
- ↑ Hoff P, Belavy DL, Huscher D, Lang A, Hahne M, Kuhlmey AK, Maschmeyer P, Armbrecht G, Fitzner R, Perschel FH, Gaber T, Burmester GR, Straub RH, Felsenberg D, Buttgereit F: Effects of 60-day bed rest with and without exercise on cellular and humoral immunological parameters., Cell Mol Immunol, 12(4):483-92, 2015; PMID 25382740
- ↑ Tripp BL, Eberman LE, Dwelly PM (2009). "Handheld vibration effects shoulder motion". International journal of sports medicine. 30 (12): 868–71. doi:10.1055/s-0029-1238288. PMID 19885779.
- ↑ Elmantaser M, McMillan M, Smith K, Khanna S, Chantler D, Panarelli M, Ahmed SF: A comparison of the effect of two types of vibration exercise on the endocrine and musculoskeletal system., J Musculoskelet Neuronal Interact, 12(3):144-54, 2012; PMID 22947546
- ↑ Kaeding TS: Deviations of frequency and the mode of vibration of commercially available whole-body vibration training devices., J Sports Med Phys Fitness, 55(6):569-77, 2015; PMID 26205764
ISMNI recommendations for reporting whole-body vibration intervention studies
- Rauch F, Sievanen H, Boonen S, Cardinale M, Degens H, Felsenberg D, Roth J, Schoenau E, et al. (2010). "Reporting whole-body vibration intervention studies: recommendations of the International Society of Musculoskeletal and Neuronal Interactions". Journal of musculoskeletal & neuronal interactions. 10 (3): 193–8. PMID 20811143.
Literature
- Albasini, Krause, Rembitzki: "Using Whole Body Vibration in Physical Therapy and Sport: Clinical Practice and Treatment Exercises", Elsevier Health, 2010, ISBN 978-0-7020-3173-1
External links
- Galileo Training Company Website
- Galileo Training USA Company Website
- Medifit Reha, Pediatric department, University of Cologne
- Berlin BedRest-Study 1 - Zentrum für Muskel und Knochen (ZMK) Charité, Berlin, sponsored by the European Space Agency (ESA)
- Berlin BedRest-Study 2 - Zentrum für Muskel und Knochen (ZMK) Charité, Berlin, sponsored by the European Space Agency (ESA) and the Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt (DLR)
- Toulouse Bedrest Study - institute for space medicine and physiology (MEDES), Toulouse, sponsored by the European Space Agency (ESA)