Girija Prasad Koirala

Girija Prasad Koirala गिरीजाप्रसाद कोइराला
Head of State of Nepal Acting
In office 15 January 2007 – 23 July 2008
Preceded by	Gyanendra (King)
Succeeded by	Ram Baran Yadav (President)
30th Prime Minister of Nepal
In office 25 April 2006 – 18 August 2008
Monarch	Gyanendra
Deputy	Ram Chandra Poudel
Preceded by	Sher Bahadur Deuba
Succeeded by	Pushpa Kamal Dahal
In office 22 March 2000 – 26 July 2001
Monarch	Birendra Dipendra Gyanendra
Preceded by	Krishna Prasad Bhattarai
Succeeded by	Sher Bahadur Deuba
In office 15 April 1998 – 31 May 1999
Monarch	Birendra
Preceded by	Surya Bahadur Thapa
Succeeded by	Krishna Prasad Bhattarai
In office 26 May 1991 – 30 November 1994
Monarch	Birendra
Preceded by	Krishna Prasad Bhattarai
Succeeded by	Man Mohan Adhikari
5th President of the Nepali Congress
In office 11 May 1996 – 20 March 2010
Preceded by	Krishna Prasad Bhattarai
Succeeded by	Sushil Koirala
Personal details
Born	(1924-07-04)4 July 1924 Saharsa, Bihar, British Raj (present-day India)
Died	20 March 2010(2010-03-20) (aged 85) Kathmandu, Nepal
Political party	Nepali Congress
Spouse(s)	Sushma Koirala (deceased)
Children	Sujata

Girija Prasad Koirala (Nepali: गिरीजाप्रसाद कोइराला  Listen ; 4 July 1924 – 20 March 2010),^[1][2] commonly known as G.P. Koirala, was a Nepalese politician. He headed the Nepali Congress and served as the Prime Minister of Nepal on four occasions, including from 1991 to 1994, 1998 to 1999, 2000 to 2001, and from 2006 to 2008. He was the Acting Head of State of Nepal between January 2007 and July 2008 as the country transitioned from a monarchy to a republic.

Koirala, who was active in politics for over sixty years, was a pioneer of the Nepalese labour movement, having started the first political workers' movement in nepali soil known as Biratnagar jute mill strike at the his hometown, Biratnagar. In 1991 he became the first democratically elected Prime Minister since 1959, when his brother B.P. Koirala and the Nepali Congress party were swept into power in the country's first democratic election.

Personal life

Koirala was born in Saharsa, Bihar, British India, in 1924. His father, Krishna Prasad Koirala, was a Nepali living in exile.^[3] In 1952 Koirala married Sushma Koirala, headmistress at the local school for women in Biratnagar.^[4] Their daughter Sujata Koirala was born in 1953. Sushma died in a kerosene stove explosion in 1967.^[5]

Political career

Koirala became involved in politics in 1947, leading Biratnagar jute mill strike^[3] In 1948 Koirala founded the Nepal Mazdoor Congress, later known as the Nepal Trade Union Congress-Independent. Later, in 1952 he became the President of the Morang District Nepali Congress and held that office until he was arrested and imprisoned by King Mahendra following the 1960 royal coup.^[3][6] Upon his release in 1967, Koirala, along with other leaders and workers of the party, was exiled to India^[3] until his return to Nepal in 1979. Koirala was General Secretary of the Nepali Congress Party from 1975 to 1991.^[7] Koirala was actively involved in the 1990 Jana Andolan which led to the abrogation of the Panchayat rule and the introduction of multiparty politics into the country.

First term

In Nepal's first multiparty democratic election in 1991, Koirala was elected as a member of parliament from the Morang-1 and Sunsari-5 constituencies. The Nepali Congress won 110 of the 205 seats in the Pratinidhi Sabha (House of Representatives), the lower house of parliament. He was subsequently elected as the leader of the Nepali Congress parliamentary party and was appointed as Prime Minister by King Birendra.^[6]

During his first term, the House of Representatives enacted legislation to liberalize education, media and health sectors in the country. The government also founded the Purbanchal University and the B.P. Koirala Institute of Health Sciences(BPKIHS) in the Eastern Development Region and granted licenses to the private sector to run medical and engineering colleges in various parts of the country. The government also undertook the construction of the B.P. Koirala Memorial Cancer Hospital in Bharatpur, Nepal with assistance from the government of China. In November 1994, he called for a dissolution of parliament and general elections after a procedural defeat on the floor of the House when 36 members of parliament (MPs) of his party went against a government-sponsored vote of confidence. This led to the Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist)-led coalition coming to power in the elections that followed.^[6]

Second term

Koirala took over as Prime Minister from Surya Bahadur Thapa following the collapse of the coalition government led by Thapa. Koirala first headed a Nepali Congress minority government until 25 December 1998, after which he headed a three-party coalition government with the Communist Party of Nepal (UML) and the Nepal Sadbhawana Party.

Third term

Koirala became Prime Minister in 2000 for his third term following the resignation of Krishna Prasad Bhattarai, under whose leadership the Nepali Congress Party had won the parliamentary election. The party had won claiming that Krishna Prasad Bhattarai would be the Prime Minister, but Koirala led a group of dissident MPs and forced Bhattarai to resign or face a no-confidence motion. At that time Nepal was fighting a civil war against the Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist). Koirala resigned in July 2001^[6] after which the military was mobilized in the civil war for the first time, something Koirala had unsuccessfully attempted to do while in office. He was replaced by former Prime Minister Sher Bahadur Deuba, who was elected by a majority of members of the Nepali Congress.

Fourth term

After the Loktantra Andolan and the reinstatement of the Nepal House of Representatives, Pratinidhi Sabha, on 24 April 2006, Koirala was selected to become Prime Minister by the leaders of the Seven Party Alliance. The reinstated House of Representatives passed laws to strip the King of his powers and bring the Army under civilian control. Following the promulgation of the interim constitution, Koirala, as the Prime Minister, became the interim head of state of Nepal.

On 1 April 2007, Koirala was re-elected as Prime Minister to head a new government composed of the SPA and the CPN (Maoist). Following the April 2008 Constituent Assembly election, the Constituent Assembly voted to declare Nepal a republic on 28 May 2008. Koirala, speaking to the Constituent Assembly shortly before the vote, said that "we have a big responsibility now"; he said that Nepal was entering a "new era" and that "the nation's dream has come true".^[8]

In the discussions on power-sharing that followed the declaration of a republic, the Nepali Congress proposed that Koirala become the first President of Nepal; however, the CPN (Maoist), which had emerged as the strongest party in the Constituent Assembly election, opposed this.^[9]

At a meeting of the Constituent Assembly on 26 June 2008, Koirala announced his resignation, although it would not be finalized until after the election of a President, to whom the resignation had to be submitted.^[10]

Koirala was present for the swearing in of Ram Baran Yadav, the first President of Nepal, on 23 July 2008.^[11] He submitted his resignation to Yadav later on the same day.^[12] CPN (M) Chairman Prachanda was elected by the Constituent Assembly to succeed Koirala on 15 August 2008; Koirala congratulated Prachanda on this occasion.^[13]

Later activity

Towards the end of his life, Koirala was leading a democratic front composed of parties that supported and promoted liberal democratic principles and aspired to establishment of a long-term democratic form of governance in Nepal. To honor his special role in resolving the Maoist conflict in Nepal, the Nepalese government recently nominated him for the Nobel Peace Prize.

Koirala wrote Simple Convictions: My Struggle for Peace and Democracy^[14]

Death

Sujata Koirala at funeral of Girija Prasad Koirala.

Koirala died at his daughter's home on 20 March 2010 at the age of 85, having suffered from asthma and pulmonary disease.^[3] His funeral was held at Pashupatinath Temple in Kathmandu on 21 March.^[6] Upon receiving news of his death, numerous politicians released statements of condolence. The Hindu described him as a "national guardian".^[3] Indian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh released a statement expressing his condolences, saying "Koirala was a mass leader and a statesman, whose knowledge and wisdom guided the polity of Nepal in the right direction at critical junctures in the country's history,"^[6] while Ban Ki-moon, Secretary-General of the United Nations said "Koirala fought fearlessly and at considerable personal sacrifice for justice and democratic rights in his country"^[15] and senior Maoist politician Baburam Bhattarai said "Koirala will be much missed, especially now that the country is nearing the end of the peace process that he facilitated".^[15]

See also

• Biratnagar jute mill strike
• Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala
• List of Prime Ministers of Nepal

References

Prime Ministers of Nepal
Kingdom of Nepal (19th century-1990)	Damodar Pande Bhimsen Thapa Ranga Nath Poudyal Chautariya Puskhar Shah Rana Jang Pande Ranga Nath Poudyal Fateh Jang Chautaria Mathabarsingh Thapa Fateh Jang Chautaria Jung Bahadur Rana Bam Bahadur Kunwar Rana Krishna Bahadur Kunwar Rana Jung Bahadur Rana Renaudip Singh Bahadur Bir Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Dev Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Chandra Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Bhim Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Juddha Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Padma Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Mohan Shamsher Jang Bahadur Rana Matrika Prasad Koirala vacant (1952–1953) Matrika Prasad Koirala vacant (1955–1956) Tanka Prasad Acharya Kunwar Inderjit Singh Subarna Shamsher Rana Bishweshwar Prasad Koirala Tulsi Giri Surya Bahadur Thapa Tulsi Giri Surya Bahadur Thapa Kirti Nidhi Bista vacant (1970–1971) Kirti Nidhi Bista Nagendra Prasad Rijal Tulsi Giri Kirti Nidhi Bista Surya Bahadur Thapa Lokendra Bahadur Chand Nagendra Prasad Rijal Marich Man Singh Shrestha Lokendra Bahadur Chand
Kingdom of Nepal (1990-2008)	Krishna Prasad Bhattarai Girija Prasad Koirala Man Mohan Adhikari Sher Bahadur Deuba Lokendra Bahadur Chand Surya Bahadur Thapa Girija Prasad Koirala Krishna Prasad Bhattarai Sher Bahadur Deuba vacant (2002) Lokendra Bahadur Chand Surya Bahadur Thapa Sher Bahadur Deuba vacant (2005–2006) Girija Prasad Koirala
Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal (2008-present)	Girija Prasad Koirala Pushpa Kamal Dahal Madhav Kumar Nepal Jhala Nath Khanal Baburam Bhattarai Khil Raj Regmi Sushil Koirala Khadga Prasad Sharma Oli Pushpa Kamal Dahal