Gülen movement

Gülen movement
Gülen Hareketi
Legal status
  • Collection of schools, associations and media outlets with no centralised executive leadership
  • Designated as terrorist organisation by Turkey, Northern Cyprus, GCC and OIC
Leader Fethullah Gülen

The Gülen movement is an Islamic transnational religious and social movement led by Turkish preacher Fethullah Gülen, who has lived in the United States since 1999.[1] The movement has no official name but it is usually referred to as Hizmet ("the Service") by its followers and as Cemaat ("the Community/Assembly") by the broader public in Turkey. Its largest body is the Alliance for Shared Values. The movement has attracted supporters and critics in Turkey, Central Asia, and other parts of the world. It is active in education with private schools and universities in over 180 countries as well as many American charter schools operated by followers.[2][3] The movement denies that the charter schools have a direct affiliation.[4] It has initiated forums for interfaith dialogue. It has substantial investments in media, finance, and for-profit health clinics.[5][6] Despite its teachings that are considered conservative even in Turkey, some have praised the movement as a pacifist, modern-oriented version of Islam, and as an alternative to more extreme schools of Islam such as Salafism.[7] But it has also been accused of having "global, apocalyptic ambition", a "cultish hierarchy"[8] and of being a secretive Islamic sect.[9][10]

The Gülen movement is a former ally of the Turkish Justice and Development Party. When the AKP came to power in 2002 the two formed, despite their differences, a tactical alliance against military tutelage and the secular elite.[11][12] It was through this alliance that the AKP had accomplished an unprecedented feat in Turkish republican history by securing national electoral victories sufficient to form three consecutive majority governments in 2002, 2007, and 2011. The Gülen movement gained influence on the Turkish police force and the judiciary during its alliance with conservative President Erdoğan, which saw hundreds of Gülen supporters appointed to positions within the Turkish government.[13] Once the old establishment was defeated around 2010 to 2011 disagreements emerged between the AKP and the Gülen movement. The first breaking point was the so-called ″MIT crisis″ of February 2012, it was also interpreted as a power struggle between pro-Gülen police and judiciary and the AKP.[14][15][16] After the 2013 corruption investigations in Turkey into alleged corrupt practices by several bureaucrats, ministers, mayors, and family members of the ruling AKP of Turkey was uncovered,[17][18] President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan blamed the movement for initiating[19] the investigations as a result of a break in previously friendly relations.[20] President Erdoğan accused Gülen of attempting to overthrow the Turkish government through a judicial coup by the use of corruption investigations and seized the group-owned newspaper (Zaman— one of the most circulated newspaper in Turkey before the seizure[21]) and several companies that have ties with the group.

Since 11 December 2015 the Gülen movement is classified as a terrorist organization in Turkey under the name Gülenist Terror Organisation (Fetullahçı Terör Örgütü, FETÖ) or Parallel State Organisation (Paralel Devlet Yapılanması, PDY). After the failed coup attempt in 2016, the government of Turkey blamed the group for the coup and authorities have arrested thousands of soldiers and judges.[22][23][24] Over ten thousand education staff were suspended and the licenses of over 20,000 teachers working at private institutions were revoked for alleged affiliation to Gülen.[25][26] Fethullah Gülen strongly condemned the coup, and rejected claims of his involvement.[27][28]

Description and membership

The movement has been characterized as a "moderate blend of Islam".[29][30] Gülen and the Gülen movement are technology-friendly, work within current market and commerce structures, and are savvy users of modern communications and public relations.[31] In 2008, Gülen was described as "the modern face of the Sufi Ottoman tradition", who reassures his followers, including many members of "Turkey's aspirational middle class", that "they can combine the statist-nationalist beliefs of Atatürk’s republic with a traditional but flexible Islamic faith" and "Ottoman traditions that had been caricatured as theocratic by Atatürk and his 'Kemalist' heirs".[31]

Within Turkey the Gülen movement keeps its distance from established Islamic political parties.[32]

Sources state that the Gülen movement is vying to be recognized as the world's leading Muslim network, one that is more reasonable than many of its rivals.[33] The movement builds on the activities of Gülen, who has won praise from non-Muslim quarters for his advocacy of science, interfaith dialogue, and multi-party democracy. It has earned praise as "the world's most global movement".[34]

"It is impossible to calculate the size of the Gülen movement" since the movement is not a centralized or formal organization with membership rosters, but rather a set of numerous, loosely organized networks of people inspired by Gülen.[35] Estimates of the size of the movement vary, with one source stating that between 200,000 supporters and 4 million people are influenced by Gülen's ideas (1997 Tempo estimate),[36] and another stating that Gülen has "hundreds of thousands of supporters" (The Guardian, 2000).[37] The membership of the movement consists primarily of students, teachers, businessmen, academics, journalists and other professionals.[6] Its members have founded schools, universities, an employers' association, charities, real estate trusts, student organizations, radio and television stations, and newspapers.[37]

The movement's structure has been described as a flexible organizational network.[38] Movement schools and businesses organize locally and link themselves into informal networks.[39] The Gülen movement works within the given structures of modern secular states; it encourages affiliated members to maximize the opportunities those countries afford rather than engaging in subversive activities.[40] In the words of the leader himself and the title of a cornerstone of his philosophy, Gülen promotes "an Ottoman Empire of the Mind".[41]

Detractors of the movement "have labeled Gülen community members as secretive missionaries, while those in the Movement and sympathetic observers class it as a civil society organization."[42]

Critics have complained that members of the Gülen movement are overly compliant to the directions from its leaders,[43] and Gülen's "movement is generally perceived by its critics as a religio-political cult."[44] The Guardian editorial board described the movement in 2013 as having "some of the characteristics of a cult or of an Islamic Opus Dei".[45]

Scholars such as Simon Robinson disagree with the characterization, writing that although "[t]here is no doubt that Gulen remains a charismatic leader and that members of the movement hold him in the highest respect", the movement "differs markedly from a cult in several ways", with Gulen stressing "the primacy of the scriptures" and "the imperative of service" and consistently avoiding "attempts to institutionalize power, to perceive him as the source of all truth, or to view him as taking responsibility for the movement".[46] Zeki Saritoprak argues that the view of Gulen as "a cult leader or a man with ambitions" is mistaken, and contends that Gülen is best viewed in the context of a long line of Sufi masters who have long been a center of attention "for their admirers and followers, both historically and currently".[47]

Beginning in 2008, the Dutch government investigated the movement's activities in the Netherlands in response to questions from Parliament. The first two investigations, performed by the AIVD, concluded that the movement did not form a breeding ground for radicalism and found no indications that the movement worked against integration or that it was involved in terrorism or religious radicalization. A further academic study sketched a portrait of a socially conservative, inwardly directed movement with an opaque organizational structure, but noted that its members tend to be highly successful in society and thus form no threat to integration.[48]

Activities

Schools

The movement is active in education (kindergarten–university) as well as civic opportunities in other areas such as for interfaith dialogue, humanitarian aid, media, finance, and health.[5]

Most Gülen Movement schools are private; its educational footprint extends to over 160 countries. In 2009 it was estimated that members of the Gülen Movement run schools in which more than two million students receive education.[49] Estimates of the number of schools and educational institutions vary widely; it appears there are about 300 Gülen Movement schools in Turkey and over 1,000 schools worldwide.[50][51]

Beyond the borders of Turkey, many Gülen schools can be found in countries with large populations of people of Turkish descent. Gülen schools in predominantly non-Turkish Muslim countries provide families with an alternative to madrasa education.

Gülen schools have received both criticism and praise.[52]

Charter schools in the United States

In 2011, it was estimated that over 120 charter schools in the United States in 25 states were operated by participants of the Gülen movement.[2][3] The largest numbers of such schools were in Texas (33 schools, Harmony schools, run by the Cosmos Foundation); Ohio (19 schools, known as Horizon Science Academies and operated by Concept Schools Inc.); and California (14 schools, operated by the Magnolia Foundation).[3] The Philadelphia Inquirer reported at the time that Gülen schools were one of the largest users of H1B visas, receiving approval for 684 such visas in 2009.[3] The Inquirer reported that the FBI, Labor Department, and Education Department investigating whether some charter school employees employed via H1B visas misused funds by kicking back a portion of their salaries to movement groups.[3] The investigation had no tie to terrorism, and there was "no indication the American charter network has a religious agenda in the classroom."[3]

A 60 Minutes episode profiled Gülen movement-operated charter schools in the U.S. in May 2012.[53] The profile estimated that there were about 130 affiliated schools nationwide, with about 36 Harmony School in Texas, serving "mostly underprivileged students" and all emphasizing math and science.[53] The episode noted that the schools generally received high marks for the quality of education, but also noted that Gülen's reclusive nature "invites conspiracy theories that he's running Turkey from the Poconos and is bent on global Muslim domination" and that "[o]ne accusation involves immigration fraud: that the schools are providing work visas for hundreds of Gülen followers from Turkey."[53]

Professor Joshua Hendrick of Loyola University Maryland, who studies the movement, noted that Gülen himself "does not have a direct hand in operating" the charter schools,[54] and it was reported that Gülen has never visited the schools.[53] The Harmony Schools in Texas do not teach religion, and the charter network says that some 7.8% of its teachers are non-Americans.[54]

The Wall Street Journal reported in 2016 that around 150 U.S. charter schools were tied to the Gülen movement, "ranging from networks in Texas, Illinois and Florida to stand-alone academies in Maryland."[54] The Journal noted that like other charter schools "blacks and Hispanics in underserved neighborhoods" made up the majority of the student body, with common themes including "an emphasis on math and science education, Turkish language classes and sponsored trips to Turkey."[54] Hendrick noted that in the upheaval following the 2016 Turkish coup attempt, proposed new charter schools and charters up for renewal "that are run by Turkish-Americans and are said to be connected with the cleric" could run into increased opposition, as the Turkish government has sought "to bring down Mr. Gulen through U.S. charter schools they claim are connected to him."[54]

Dialogue

Gülen and Pope John Paul II

The movement's avowal of interfaith dialogue grew out of Gülen's personal engagement in interfaith dialogue, largely inspired by the example of one of his influences, Said Nursi. Gülen has met with leaders of other religions, including Pope John Paul II, the Greek Orthodox Patriarch Bartholomew I, and Israeli Sephardic Head Rabbi Eliyahu Bakshi-Doron.[55] Gülen advocates cooperation between followers of different religions as well as those practicing different forms of Islam (such as Sunnism or Alevism).

Gülen's call for interfaith dialogue has influenced three generations of movement followers.[52]

Gülen movement participants have founded a number of institutions across the World that promote interfaith and intercultural dialogue activities. Notable among these are the Journalists and Writers Foundation in Istanbul, the Rumi Forum in Washington and the Indialogue Foundation in New Delhi.

Media

Movement participants have set up a number of media organizations to promote its core values such as love, tolerance, hope, dialogue, activism, mutual acceptance and respect. These media organs include TV stations (Samanyolu TV, Mehtap TV), (Ebru TV) (English), the newspapers Zaman, Today's Zaman (English), magazines and journals in Turkish like Aksiyon, Sızıntı,[56] Yeni Ümit, The Fountain Magazine (English), Hira (Arabic), The International Cihan News Agency and the radio station Burç FM.

Humanitarian aid

The movement runs charity and humanitarian aid organizations which are transnationally active. The leading one among them is the Istanbul-based Kimse Yok Mu Association (KYM). KYM organizes charity campaigns to help those in need in different parts of the world. Like any other activities of the Gülen-movement, KYM runs local projects responding to specific needs. KYM holds UN Ecosoc Special status.

Another charity organization Embrace Relief was established in New Jersey and is active in the Americas, Asia and Africa.

Professional associations

While being both praised and criticized for being market friendly, the Gülen movement has established various professional associations and business networks. Among them Istanbul based TUSKON is the major non-profit business confederation which claims to promote economic solutions as well as social and political ones. Another one called TUCSIAD is based in China, in addition to DTIK's Asia-Pacific Group which supports the Gülen movement outside of Turkey in China, hoping to influence Turkish politics from the outside.

Criticism

Fethullah Gülen's and the Gülen movement's views and practices have been discussed in international conferences. In October 2007 in London a conference was sponsored by the University of Birmingham, the Dialogue Society, the Irish School of Ecumenics, Leeds Metropolitan University, the London Middle East Institute, the Middle East Institute and the School of Oriental and African Studies, University of London.[57] Niagara Foundation of Chicago, together with several academic institutions, organized "The Gülen Movement: Paradigms, Projects and Aspirations" conference, which was held at University of Chicago on 11–13 Nov 2010.[58]

In Turkey

President Erdoğan and the AKP (the ruling party of Turkey) have targeted the movement since December 2013. Immediately after the corruption allegations, the government subjugated the judiciary, media and civil society which were critical of the government's authoritarian trend in recent years.[59][60][61] After the corruption allegations surfaced, Erdogan labelled it as a "civilian coup" against his government. Since then, Erdogan has shuffled, dismissed or jailed hundreds of police officers, judges, prosecutors and journalists in the name of fighting against a "Parallel State" within the Turkish state. The Turkish government took over the Gülenist Zaman Daily, Turkey's largest newspaper, on 4 March 2016. Turkish police entered the Zaman's headquarters by force and fired tear gas at the protesting journalists and civilians. Hundreds of protestors were injured.[62][63] In his efforts to eradicate the movement within the country the Turkish National Security Council has identified the movement as the "Gulenist Terror Organisation" ("FETO").[64] The government has also been targeting individuals and businessmen who have supported the movement's organizations and activities.

Political involvement

Questions have arisen about the Gülen movement's possible involvement in the ongoing Ergenekon investigation,[65] which critics have characterized as "a pretext" by the government "to neutralize dissidents" in Turkey.[66] In March 2011, seven Turkish journalists were arrested, including Ahmet Şık, who had been writing a book, "Imamin Ordusu" (The Imam's Army),[67] which alleges that the Gülen movement has infiltrated the country's security forces. As Şık was taken into police custody, he shouted, "Whoever touches it [the movement] gets burned!".[68] Upon his arrest, drafts of the book were confiscated and its possession was banned. Şık has also been charged with being part of the alleged Ergenekon plot, despite being an investigator of the plot before his arrest.[69]

In a reply, Abdullah Bozkurt, from the Gülen movement newspaper Today's Zaman, accused Ahmet Şık of not being an investigative journalist conducting "independent research", but of hatching "a plot designed and put into action by the terrorist network itself".[70]

According to Gareth H. Jenkins, a Senior Fellow of the Central Asia-Caucasus Institute & Silk Road Studies Joint Center at Johns Hopkins University:

From the outset, the pro-AKP media, particularly the newspapers and television channels run by the Gülen Movement such as Zaman, Today's Zaman and Samanyolu TV, have vigorously supported the Ergenekon investigation. This has included the illegal publication of "evidence" collected by the investigators before it has been presented in court, misrepresentations and distortions of the content of the indictments and smear campaigns against both the accused and anyone who questions the conduct of the investigations.

There have long been allegations that not only the media coverage but also the Ergenekon investigation itself is being run by Gülen's supporters. In August 2010, Hanefi Avcı, a right-wing police chief who had once been sympathetic to the Gülen Movement, published a book in which he alleged that a network of Gülen's supporters in the police were manipulating judicial processes and fixing internal appointments and promotions. On September 28, 2010, two days before he was due to give a press conference to present documentary evidence to support his allegations, Avcı was arrested and charged with membership of an extremist leftist organization. On March 14, 2011, Avcı was also formally charged with being a member of the alleged Ergenekon gang.[65]

The Gülen movement has also been implicated in what both Prime Minister Erdoğan as well as the opposition Republican People's Party (CHP) have said were illegal court decisions against members of the Turkish military, including many during the Ergenekon investigation.[71]

2013 corruption scandal

On 17 December 2013, an investigation into alleged corrupt practices by several bureaucrats, ministers, mayors, and family members of the ruling Justice and Development Party (AKP) of Turkey was uncovered, resulting in widespread protests and calls for the resignation of the government led by Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan.[17][18] Due to the high level of political influence by the Gülen movement in Turkey, it is rumored to be facilitated by the movement's influence on the Turkish police force and the judiciary,[19] the investigation was considered to be a result of a break in previously friendly relations between the Islamist-rooted government and the movement.[20]

2014–2015 crackdown

On 14 December 2014 Turkish police arrested more than two dozen senior journalists and media executives connected with the Gülen movement on various charges.

A statement by the US State Department cautioned Turkey not to violate its "own democratic foundations" while drawing attention to raids against media outlets "openly critical of the current Turkish government".[72][73]

EU foreign affairs chief Federica Mogherini and EU Enlargement Commissioner Johannes Hahn said that the arrests went "against European values" and "are incompatible with the freedom of media, which is a core principle of democracy".[74]

On 20 January 2015, Turkish police launched raids in Ankara and three other cities, detaining some 20 people suspected of illegally eavesdropping on President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and other senior officials. The suspects are linked to Turkey's telecommunications authority and to its scientific and technological research center TUBITAK. Local media said the move was aimed at the "parallel structure" — the term Erdogan uses to refer to Gülen's supporters in the judiciary, police and other institutions.[75]

2016 crackdown

In reaction to the military-lead July 15 coup, the Turkish government quickly alleged the coup's leader to be Gülen. In following days and weeks, a massive crackdown affected all entities affiliated to the Gülen movements, from individuals to businesses, newspapers to schools and universities.

History

See also

References

  1. ↑ Adam Taylor (18 December 2013). "Fethullah Gülen's Pennsylvania Home - Business Insider". Business Insider.
  2. 1 2 Stephanie Saul (6 June 2011). "Charter Schools Tied to Turkey's Gulen Movement Grow in Texas". The New York Times. Archived from the original on 17 July 2016. Retrieved 18 Jul 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "U.S. charter-school network with Turkish link draws federal attention". Retrieved 18 Jul 2016.
  4. ↑ "Gulen Movement Charter School Myths".
  5. 1 2 "The Turkish exception: Gallipoli, Gülen, and capitalism". Australia's ABC. Radio National. 31 August 2013. Retrieved 3 September 2013.
  6. 1 2 White, Jenny Barbara (1 January 2002). "Islamist Mobilization in Turkey: A Study in Vernacular Politics". University of Washington Press – via Google Books.
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  8. ↑ Akyol, Mustafa (July 22, 2016). "Who Was Behind the Coup Attempt in Turkey?". New York Times. Retrieved 23 July 2016.
  9. ↑ Most Turks believe a secretive Muslim sect was behind the failed coup
  10. ↑ Altruistic Society or Sect? The Shadowy World of the Islamic Gülen Movement
  11. ↑ "Turkey to add Gülen movement to list of terror groups: President". Hurriyet Daily News. 27 May 2016.
  12. ↑ "EU expresses concern over declaration of Gülen movement as terrorist without due process". Turkish Minute. 3 June 2016.
  13. ↑ "Turkey as a model of democracy and Islam". 30 May 2011. Retrieved 22 September 2016.
  14. ↑ Halil M. Karaveli: The Coalition Crumbles: Erdogan, the Gülenists, and Turkish Democracy, The Turkey Analyst, vol. 5, no. 4, Feb. 20, 2012
  15. ↑ Sebnem Arsu: Intelligence Chief Must Testify, nytimes.com, Feb. 10, 2012
  16. ↑ Turkey Feels Sway of Reclusive Cleric in the U.S., nytimes.com, April 24, 2012
  17. 1 2 3 "Turkey: Erdogan faces new protests over corruption scandal". Digital Journal. 28 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  18. 1 2 "İstanbul'da yolsuzluk ve rüşvet operasyonu". 17 December 2013.
  19. 1 2 "Profile: Fethullah Gulen's Hizmet movement". BBC News. 18 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  20. 1 2 "The Gulen movement: a self-exiled imam challenges Turkey's Erdoğan". The Christian Science Monitor. 29 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  21. ↑ "BPA Audit Figures Reveal Turkish Newspaper As Having One of the Largest Subscriber Bases in Europe". ClickPress. 10 Jul 2007. Retrieved 1 August 2009.
  22. ↑ "Turkey: Mass arrests after coup bid quashed, says PM – BBC News". Retrieved 16 July 2016.
  23. ↑ "Turkey's top judicial board HSYK orders detention of 2,745 Gülen-linked judges over coup attempt". Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  24. ↑ CNN, Sheena McKenzie and Ray Sanchez. "Turkey coup attempt: Erdogan rounds up suspected plotters".
  25. ↑ "Turkey coup: Purge widens to education sector". BBC News. 19 July 2016. Retrieved 20 July 2016.
  26. ↑ "US to help Turkey investigate failed coup attempt by FETÖ".
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  28. ↑ "An exiled cleric denies playing a leading role in coup attempt". New York Times. Retrieved 17 July 2016.
  29. ↑ Tavernise, Sabrina (4 May 2008). "Turkish Schools Offer Pakistan a Gentler Vision of Islam". New York Times.
  30. ↑ Interview with Sabrina Tavernise, World View Podcasts, New York Times, May 4, 2008
  31. 1 2 Ehsan Masood, A modern Ottoman, Prospect, Issue 148, July 2008
  32. ↑ Clement M. Henry, Rodney Wilson, The politics of Islamic Finance, Edinburgh University Press (2004), p 236. Retrieved 16 July 2016
  33. ↑ "How far they have travelled" – via The Economist.
  34. ↑ Turkish schools World's most global movement, says sociologist
  35. ↑ Helen Rose Ebaugh, The Gülen Movement: A Sociological Analysis of a Civic Movement Rooted in Moderate Islam (Springer, 2009), p. 46.
  36. ↑ Bulent Aras & Omer Caha, Fethullah Gulen and his Liberal "Turkish Islam" Movement, Middle East Review of International Affairs, Vol. 4, No. 4 (December 2000).
  37. 1 2 Morris, Chris (1 September 2000). "Turkey accuses popular Islamist of plot against state". The Guardian. London. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  38. ↑ Portrait of Fethullah Gülen, A Modern Turkish-Islamic Reformist
  39. ↑ Jr., Kevin Miller,. "Islam in Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan (The Nurcu Movement and the Hizb ut Tahrir)".
  40. ↑ "Gulen Inspires Muslims Worldwide". Forbes. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  41. ↑ fgulen.com. "An Ottoman Empire of the Mind - Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site".
  42. ↑ David Tittensor, The House of Service: The Gulen Movement and Islam's Third Way (Oxford University Press, 2014) p. 172.
  43. ↑ Infra note, Berlinski 2012
  44. ↑ Bulent Temel, Candidacy versus Membership: Is Turkey the Greatest Beneficiary of the European Union" in The Great Catalyst: European Union Project and Lessons from Greece and Turkey (ed. Bülent Temel: Lexington, 2014), p. 375.
  45. ↑ "Turkey: up from the depths". The Guardian. 27 December 2013. Retrieved 31 December 2013.
  46. ↑ Simon Robinson, "Building Bridges: Gulen Pontifex" in Hizmet Means Service: Perspectives on an Alternative Path within Islam (ed. Martin E. Marty: University of California Press, 2015), p. 78.
  47. ↑ Zeki Saritoprak, "Muslim Perception of Fethullah Gulen and the Hizmet Movement: Accommodating or Hindering Modern Turkey?" in Alternative Islamic Discourses and Religious (eds. Carool Kersten & Susanne Olsson: Ashgate, 2013), p. 70.
  48. ↑ Hassan Bahara (21 March 2014). "Vormt de Gülen-beweging een bedreiging voor de integratie?". De Groene Amsterdammer. Retrieved 24 February 2016.
  49. ↑ "Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt", News week.
  50. ↑ Turkish Islamic preacher – threat or benefactor?, Reuters.
  51. ↑ Turkish Schools, Turko kullari
  52. 1 2 Interfaith Voices: Fethullah Gülen
  53. 1 2 3 4 U.S. charter schools tied to powerful Turkish imam, 60 Minutes, CBS News (May 13, 2012).
  54. 1 2 3 4 5 Beckie Strum, Gulen Movement's Charter Schools May Be Caught Up in Turkey-U.S. Standoff, Wall Street Journal (July 19, 2016).
  55. ↑ Unal, Ali (1 October 2000). "Advocate of Dialogue: Fethullah Gulen". Fountain Pub – via Amazon.
  56. ↑ Günter Seufert (January 2014). "Is the Fethullah Gülen Movement Overstretching Itself?" (Research Paper). Stiftung Wissenschaft und Politik. Retrieved 2 August 2016.
  57. ↑ "Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site - Contributions of the Gülen Movement". En.fgulen.com. 27 October 2007. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  58. ↑ Core Design Production, Web designers; Fatih YAZAR, Yunus USLU, Ismail ABAY. "Gulen Movement & Fethullah Gulen". Niagara Foundation. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  59. ↑ "Erdogan's new sultanate". The Economist. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  60. ↑ "Under Erdogan, Turkey is moving away from democracy". The Globe and Mail. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  61. ↑ "Where did it all go wrong for Turkey?". Telegraph.co.uk. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  62. ↑ "Turkey: Zaman newspaper taken over as government steamrolls press freedom". www.amnesty.org. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  63. ↑ Timur, Safak; Arango, Tim (4 March 2016). "Turkey Seizes Newspaper, Zaman, as Press Crackdown Continues". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 25 April 2016.
  64. ↑ "Turkey challenged by terror in 2015". TRT World (in Turkish). Retrieved 6 March 2016.
  65. 1 2 "Central Asia-Caucasus Institute and Silk Road Studies Program". Silkroadstudies.org. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  66. ↑ Cagaptay, Soner. "Behind Turkey's Witch Hunt".
  67. ↑ Turkish authorities launch raids to censor book before publication in the Guardian of 5 April 2011; accessed on 11 April 2011
  68. ↑ Arsu, Şebnem (3 March 2011). "7 More Journalists Detained in Turkey". The New York Times.
  69. ↑ Details can be found in English on the site of the Democratic Turkey Forum; accessed on 5 April 2001. In the footnotes to translated passages of the book you can find other works on the subject.
  70. ↑ The alleged terrorist network is the Ergenekon organization; see Article of 29 March 2011; accessed on 5 April 2011
  71. ↑ Arango, Tim (26 February 2014). "Turkish Leader Disowns Trials That Helped Him Tame Military". The New York Times. Retrieved 27 February 2014. In 2005, years before the trials, a man affiliated with the Gulen movement approached Eric S. Edelman, then the American ambassador, at a party in Istanbul and handed him an envelope containing a handwritten document that supposedly laid out a plan for an imminent coup. But as Edelman recounted, he gave the documents to his colleagues and they were determined to be forgeries.
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  73. ↑ "Court rules for release of Zaman chief editor, Samanyolu manager arrested". Today's Zaman. Retrieved 19 December 2014.
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  75. ↑ "Turkey arrests dozens suspected of eavesdropping on president". Aljazeera. Retrieved 20 January 2015.
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  77. ↑ Ian Markham, Engaging with Bediuzzaman Said Nursi: A Model of Interfaith Dialogue, p 4. ISBN 0754669319
  78. ↑ "Son Karakol".
  79. ↑ ""100 soruda Fethullah Gülen ve Hareketi" (Gulen and its movement in100 questions)". HaberTurk. 16 April 2010. Retrieved 18 April 2014.
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  82. ↑ Salih, Yucel (Dec 2013). "Muslim-Christian Dialogue: Nostra Aetated and Fethullah Gulen's Philosophy of Dialogue". Australian eJournal of Theology: 200.
  83. ↑ Michel S.J., Thomas (Oct–Dec 2007). ""Fethullah Gulen and Pope John Paul II: "Two Frontrunners for Peace"". Dialogue Asia-Pacific (14): 6–8.
  84. ↑ Niagara Foundation. "History Niagara Foundation". Niagara Foundation. The Niagara Foundation was created in 2004 by a group of Turkish-American businessmen and educators in order to realize the vision of their spiritual leader, Fethullah Gulen, himself a Turkish Muslim scholar and poet, as well as an educational and humanitarian activist. Today the Niagara Foundation is active in nine Midwestern states with 22 branches.
  85. ↑ Michel, S.J., Thomas. "Fighting Poverty with Kimse Yok Mu". Fethullah Gülen's Official Web Site.
  86. ↑ "NGO Branch, Organization name, Kimse Yok Mu, Accreditation(s)/Affiliation(s) 2010".
  87. ↑ "Hakkında". TUSKON. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  88. ↑ United Nations Economic and Social Council (3 October 2013). "List of non-governmental organizations in consultative status with the Economic and Social Council as of 1 September 2013" (PDF). United Nations Economic and Social Council. p. 3.
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