Frank Church

For his son, Frank Forrester Church IV, the Unitarian Universalist minister and theologian, see Forrest Church. For the author of the Yes, Virginia, there is a Santa Claus editorial, see Francis Pharcellus Church.
Frank Church
Chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations
In office
January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981
Preceded by John J. Sparkman
Succeeded by Charles H. Percy
Chairman of the Senate Special Committee on Aging
In office
January 3, 1971 – January 3, 1979
Preceded by Harrison A. Williams
Succeeded by Lawton Chiles
United States Senator
from Idaho
In office
January 3, 1957 – January 3, 1981
Preceded by Herman Welker
Succeeded by Steve Symms
Personal details
Born Frank Forrester Church III
(1924-07-25)July 25, 1924
Boise, Idaho
Died April 7, 1984(1984-04-07) (aged 59)
Bethesda, Maryland
Resting place Morris Hill Cemetery
Boise, Idaho
Nationality United States
Political party Democratic
Spouse(s) Bethine Clark Church
(1923–2013)
(m. 1947–1984, his death)
Children Frank Forrester Church IV
(1948–2009)
Chase Clark Church
(b. 1957)
Parents Frank Forrester Church II
(1889–1950)
Laura Bilderback Church
(1892–1983)
Residence Boise, Idaho
Bethesda, Maryland [1]
Alma mater Stanford University (B.A., J.D)
Profession Attorney
Religion Presbyterian
Military service
Allegiance  United States
Service/branch U.S. Army
Years of service 1943–1946
Rank  Second lieutenant
Unit Intelligence,
China-Burma-India theater
Battles/wars World War II

Frank Forrester Church III (July 25, 1924 – April 7, 1984) was an American lawyer and politician. A member of the Democratic Party, he served as a United States Senator from Idaho from 1957 to 1981.[2][3]

Church was an unsuccessful candidate for the Democratic nomination in the 1976 presidential election, losing to Jimmy Carter. He is known for heading the Church Committee, which investigated abuses in the U.S. intelligence agencies.

Early life

Born and raised in Boise, Idaho, Church was the younger of the two sons of Frank (II) and Laura Bilderback Church.[4] His father co-owned a sporting goods store and took the sons on fishing, hunting, and hiking outings in the Idaho mountains.[5] The family was Catholic and conservative, and Frank III attended St. Joseph's School as a youngster,[6] where he went by the nickname "Frosty."[7] His older brother Richard became a career officer in the U.S. Marines Corps, and retired as a colonel.[4]

In his youth, Church admired William E. Borah, who represented Idaho in the U.S. Senate from 1907 to 1940. Church graduated from Boise High School in 1942, where he served as student body president. As a junior in 1941, he won the American Legion National Oratorical Contest. The prize was sufficient to provide for four years at the college of the winner's choice. Church enrolled at Stanford University in California in 1942 and joined Theta Xi fraternity.

Church enlisted in the U.S. Army in 1942, was called up the following year and attended officer candidate training at Fort Benning in Georgia.[2] He was commissioned a second lieutenant on his 20th birthday in 1944 and served as a military intelligence officer in the China-Burma-India theater. Following his discharge in 1946, he returned to Stanford to complete his education, receiving his bachelor's degree in history in 1947, with Phi Beta Kappa honors.[5]

In June 1947 he married Bethine Clark, daughter of Chase Clark, a former Democratic governor of Idaho and the federal judge for the state. The wedding took place at the secluded Robinson Bar Ranch (44°14′49″N 114°40′41″W / 44.247°N 114.678°W / 44.247; -114.678), the Clark family's ranch in the mountains east of Stanley (and now owned by singer Carole King, since 1981).[8][9] He entered Harvard Law School that fall and after one year at Harvard, Church transferred to Stanford Law School, when he thought the cold Massachusetts winter was the cause of a pain in his lower back. The pain did not go away and the problem was soon diagnosed as testicular cancer.[10] After one of his testicles and glands in his lower abdomen were removed, Church was given only a few months to live. However, he rebounded from the illness after another doctor started X-ray treatments. This second chance led him to later reflect that "life itself is such a chancy proposition that the only way to live is by taking great chances." In 1950, Church graduated from Stanford Law School and returned to Boise to practice law and teach public speaking at the junior college.

Frank and Bethine had two sons, Frank Forrester Church IV, who died in 2009, and Chase Clark Church,[11] who lives in Boise. Both boys were named for their grandfathers.

Political career

Church became an active Democrat in Idaho and after an unsuccessful try for the state legislature in 1952, he ran for the U.S. Senate in 1956. After a closely contested primary election against former Senator Glen H. Taylor, Church handily defeated Republican incumbent Herman Welker in the general election. At the age of 32, Church became the fifth youngest member ever to sit in the U.S. Senate. Church was reelected three times (1962, 1968 and 1974), the only Democrat ever to win reelection to the U.S. Senate from Idaho.

Upon entering the Senate in January 1957, Church made the mistake of voting on a measure against the wishes of Democratic Majority Leader, Lyndon Johnson, and Johnson punished Church by all but ignoring him for the next six months. Church found solace from Republican Minority Leader, William Knowland. However, Church managed to find his way into Johnson's good graces by providing key assistance in getting the Civil Rights Act of 1957 passed. LBJ was so grateful he made the young Idahoan a veritable protégé, rewarding him with plum assignments, such as a seat on the prestigious Senate Foreign Relations Committee, a position which allowed Church to follow in the footsteps of his idol, William Borah. Recently declassified documents show that the young veteran also challenged his mentor, behind closed doors, after the 1964 Gulf of Tonkin incident,[12] making this prescient warning: "In a democracy you cannot expect the people, whose sons are being killed and who will be killed, to exercise their judgment if the truth is concealed from them."

In 1967, a recall campaign was waged against Church by Ron Rankin, a Republican county commissioner in Kootenai County in northern Idaho. Rankin unsuccessfully sued Idaho's secretary of state to accept recall petitions. The U.S. District Court for Idaho ruled that the state's recall laws did not apply to U.S. senators and that such a recall would violate the U.S. Constitution. Allan Shepard, Idaho's attorney general at the time, agreed with the court's decision.

"It must be pointed out that a United States senator is not a state officer but a federal officer whose position is created by Article I, Section I of the United States Constitution," Shepard wrote in a June 17, 1967, opinion for the secretary of state. "There seems to be no provision for canvassing the votes of a recall election of a United States senator." Most commentators at the time believed that the recall attempt strengthened Church politically by allowing him to play the role of political martyr and he was reelected in the next year's election over Republican Congressman George V. Hansen 60% to 40%.

Vietnam War and Church Committee

Church was a key figure in American foreign policy during the 1970s, and served as chairman of the Senate Committee on Foreign Relations from 1979 to 1981. Following the instinct that led him to ask questions early on (see above), Church was one of the first senators to publicly oppose the Vietnam War in the 1960s, although he had supported the conflict earlier. He was the co-author of two legislative efforts to curtail the war: the Cooper–Church Amendment of 1970, and the Case–Church Amendment of 1973.

In September 1970, Church announced on television and in speeches across the country that "the doves had won." Author David F. Schmitz states that Church based his assertion on the fact that two key propositions of the anti-war movement, "A negotiated peace and the withdrawal of American troops," were now official policy. The only debate that remained would be over when to withdraw, not whether to withdraw, and over the meaning of the war. Church concluded:

“ So the last service the doves can perform for their country, is to insist that President Nixon's withdrawal program truly leads to a "Vietnamization" of the war. It must not become a device for lowering—and then perpetuating—an American military presence in South Vietnam for the indefinite future. Our long ordeal in this mistaken war must end. The gathering crisis in our own land, the deepening divisions among our people, the festering, unattended problems here at home, bear far more importantly on the future of our Republic than anything we ever had at stake in Indochina. ”

Church argued that the opponents of the Vietnam War needed to prevent the corruption of the nation and its institutions. To Church, the anti-war opposition was the "highest concept of patriotism—which is not the patriotism of conformity—but the patriotism of Senator Carl Schurz, a dissenter from an earlier period, who proclaimed: 'Our country right or wrong. When right, to be kept right: when wrong, to be put right."[13]

Church gained national prominence during his service in the Senate through his chairmanship of the U.S. Senate Select Committee to Study Governmental Operations with Respect to Intelligence Activities from 1975 through 1976, more commonly known as the Church Committee, which conducted extensive hearings investigating extra-legal FBI and CIA intelligence-gathering and covert operations. The committee investigated CIA drug smuggling activities in the Golden Triangle and secret U.S.-backed wars in Third World countries.[14][15][16][17] Together with Senator Sam Ervin's committee inquiries, the Church Committee hearings laid the groundwork for the Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978.

Daniel Ellsberg quoted Church as speaking of the NSA as follows: "I know the capacity that is there to make tyranny total in America, and we must see to it that this agency and all agencies that possess this technology operate within the law and under proper supervision, so that we never cross over that abyss. That is the abyss from which there is no return."[18] More specifically on August 17, 1975 Senator Frank Church stated on NBC's "Meet the Press" without mentioning the name of the NSA about this agency:

“ In the need to develop a capacity to know what potential enemies are doing, the United States government has perfected a technological capability that enables us to monitor the messages that go through the air. Now, that is necessary and important to the United States as we look abroad at enemies or potential enemies. We must know, at the same time, that capability at any time could be turned around on the American people, and no American would have any privacy left such is the capability to monitor everything—telephone conversations, telegrams, it doesn't matter. There would be no place to hide.
If this government ever became a tyrant, if a dictator ever took charge in this country, the technological capacity that the intelligence community has given the government could enable it to impose total tyranny, and there would be no way to fight back because the most careful effort to combine together in resistance to the government, no matter how privately it was done, is within the reach of the government to know. Such is the capability of this technology.
I don't want to see this country ever go across the bridge. I know the capacity that is there to make tyranny total in America, and we must see to it that this agency and all agencies that possess this technology operate within the law and under proper supervision so that we never cross over that abyss. That is the abyss from which there is no return.[19][20][21]		 ”

NSA monitoring of Senator Church's communications

In a secret operation code-named "Project Minaret," the National Security Agency (NSA) monitored the communications of leading Americans, including Senators Church and Howard Baker, Dr. Martin Luther King, prominent U.S. journalists and athletes, who criticized the U.S. war in Vietnam.[22] A review by NSA of the NSA's Minaret program concluded that Minaret was "disreputable if not outright illegal."[22]

Environmental record and other issues

Church is also remembered for his voting record as a strong progressive and environmental legislator, and he played a major role in the creation of the nation's system of protected wilderness areas in the 1960s. In 1964, Church was the floor sponsor of the national Wilderness Act. In 1968, he sponsored the Wild and Scenic Rivers Act and gained passage of a ten-year moratorium on federal plans to transfer water from the Pacific Northwest to California. Working with other members of Congress from northwestern states, Church helped establish the Hells Canyon National Recreation Area along the Oregon-Idaho border, which protected the gorge from dam building. He was also the primary proponent in the establishment of the Sawtooth Wilderness and National Recreation Area in central Idaho in 1972.

Church also was instrumental in the creation of Idaho's River of No Return Wilderness in 1980, his final year in the Senate. This wilderness comprised the old Idaho Primitive Area, the Salmon River Breaks Primitive Area, plus additional lands. At 2.36 million acres (9,550 km²), over 3,600 square miles (9,300 km2), it is the largest wilderness area in the nation outside of Alaska. It was renamed the Frank Church-River of No Return Wilderness in 1984, shortly after the diagnosis of his pancreatic cancer. Idaho Senator Jim McClure introduced the measure in the Senate in late February,[23] and President Reagan signed the act on March 14,[24] less than four weeks before Frank Church's death on April 7.

Frank Church was considered a progressive (remarkable considering that he represented one of the most conservative states in the nation), though he was a strong opponent of gun control. He, in 1979, was the first in Congress to disclose and protest the presence of Soviet combat troops in Cuba. According to the Christian Science Monitor, this stance somewhat disarmed his opponent's charge in the 1980 campaign that Church's performance on the Foreign Relations Committee had helped to weaken the US militarily.[25] In 1974, Church joined Senator Frank Moss, D-Utah, to sponsor the first legislation to provide federal funding for hospice care programs. The bill did not have widespread support and was not brought to a vote. Congress finally included a hospice benefit in Medicare in 1982.[26]

In late 1975 and early 1976, a sub-committee of the U.S. Senate led by Church concluded that members of the Lockheed board had paid members of friendly governments to guarantee contracts for military aircraft[27] in a series of illegal bribes and contributions made by Lockheed officials from the late 1950s to the 1970s. In 1976, it was publicly revealed that Lockheed had paid $22 million in bribes to foreign officials[28] in the process of negotiating the sale of aircraft including the F-104 Starfighter, the so-called "Deal of the Century."

Church also sponsored, along with Pennsylvania Republican John Heinz, the "conscience clause," which prohibited the government from requiring church-affiliated hospitals to perform abortions.[7]

Late political career

From left: Senator (and future vice president) Joe Biden, Senator Frank Church and President of Egypt Anwar Sadat after signing Egyptian–Israeli Peace Treaty, 1979

In 1976, Church belatedly sought the Democratic nomination for president and announced his candidacy on March 18 from rustic Idaho City, his father's birthplace.[29] Although he won primaries in Nebraska, Idaho, Oregon, and Montana, he withdrew in favor of the eventual nominee, former Georgia governor Jimmy Carter. Church remains the only Idahoan to win a major-party presidential primary election.

By June, Carter had the nomination sufficiently locked up and could take time to interview potential vice-presidential candidates. The pundits predicted that Church would be tapped to provide balance as an experienced senator with strong liberal credentials. Church promoted himself, persuading friends to intervene with Carter in his behalf. If a quick choice had been required as in past conventions, Carter later recalled, he would probably have chosen Church. But the longer period for deliberation gave Carter time to worry about his compatibility with the publicity-seeking Church, who had a tendency to be long-winded. Instead, Carter invited Senators Edmund Muskie, John Glenn, and Walter Mondale to visit his home in Plains, Georgia, for personal interviews, while Church, Henry M. Jackson, and Adlai Stevenson III would be interviewed at the convention in New York. Of all the potential candidates, Carter found Mondale the most compatible. As a result, Carter selected Mondale as his running mate.

In the late 1970s, Church was a main congressional supporter of the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, which proposed to return the Panama Canal to Panama. The latter position proved to be widely unpopular in Idaho and led to the formation of the "Anybody But Church Committee" (ABC), committee created by the National Conservative Political Action Committee (NCPAC), based in Washington, D.C. ABC and NCPAC had no formal connection with the 1980 Senate campaign of conservative Republican congressman Steve Symms, which permitted them, under former Federal election law, to spend as much as they could raise to defeat Church.[30]

Church lost in his attempt for a fifth term to Symms by less than one percent of the vote. His defeat was blamed on the activities of the Anybody But Church Committee and the national media's early announcement in Idaho of Republican presidential candidate Ronald Reagan's overwhelming win. These predictions were broadcast before polls closed statewide, specifically in the Pacific Time Zone in the north. Many believed that this caused many Democrats in the more politically moderate Idaho Panhandle to not vote at all. As of 2016, Church is the last Democrat to represent Idaho in the U.S. Senate.

Election results

U.S. Senate elections in Idaho (Class III): Results 1956–1980
Year Democrat Votes Pct Republican Votes Pct 3rd Party Party Votes Pct
1956 Frank Church 149,096 56.2% Herman Welker (inc.) 102,781 38.7% Glen H. Taylor Write-In 13,415 5.1%
1962 Frank Church (inc.) 141,657 54.7% Jack Hawley 117,129 45.3%
1968 Frank Church (inc.) 173,482 60.3% George V. Hansen 114,394 39.7%
1974 Frank Church (inc.) 145,140 56.1% Bob Smith 109,072 42.1% Jean L. Stoddard American 4,635 1.8%
1980 Frank Church (inc.) 214,439 48.8% Steve Symms 218,701 49.7% Larry Fullmer Libertarian 6,507 1.5%

Following his 24 years in the Senate, Church practiced international law with the Washington, D.C., firm of Whitman and Ransom, specializing in Asian issues.

Death

Three years after leaving the Senate, Church was hospitalized for a pancreatic tumor on January 12, 1984. Less than three months later, he died at his home in Bethesda, Maryland, on April 7 at age 59.[2][3] A memorial service was held at the National Cathedral in Washington, D.C.[31] and then his body was flown home to Idaho, where he lay in state beneath the rotunda of the Idaho State Capitol.[32][33] His funeral was held in downtown Boise at the Cathedral of the Rockies on April 12 and televised throughout Idaho. Church was buried at Morris Hill Cemetery near his boyhood hero, Senator William Borah.[34][35][36] His parents and paternal grandparents are also buried at Morris Hill, in the St. John's Catholic section.[37] His maternal grandparents are buried across town in the Pioneer Cemetery,[38] as are the Bayhouse great-grandparents.[39]

Legacy

Church received an honorary doctorate from Pennsylvania's Elizabethtown College in 1983 to honor his work for the American people during his career in public office. His papers, originally given to his alma mater Stanford University in 1981, were transferred to Boise State University at his request in 1984.

As of 2016, Church was the last Democrat to serve in the U.S. Senate from Idaho.

Warning about the NSA

Church was stunned by what the Church Committee learned about the immense operations and electronic monitoring capabilities of the National Security Agency (NSA), an agency whose existence was unknown to most Americans at the time. Church stated in 1975: "That capability at any time could be turned around on the American people, and no American would have any privacy left, such is the capability to monitor everything: telephone conversations, telegrams, it doesn't matter. There would be no place to hide."[40][41] He is widely quoted as also stating regarding the NSA: "I don't want to see this country ever go across the bridge... I know the capacity that is there to make tyranny total in America, and we must see to it that this agency and all agencies that possess this technology operate within the law and under proper supervision, so that we never cross over that abyss. That is the abyss from which there is no return."[40][41]

Commentators such as U.S. constitutional lawyer and columnist Glenn Greenwald have praised Church for his prescient warning regarding this turning around by the NSA to monitor the American people, arguing that the NSA undertook such a turning in the years after the September 11 Attacks.[42]

See also

References

 This article incorporates public domain material from the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress website http://bioguide.congress.gov.

  1. ↑ "Church discloses assets". Spokane Daily Chronicle. Washington. Associated Press. February 11, 1974. p. b5.
  2. 1 2 3 "Idaho ex-Sen. Frank Church dies of cancer". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. April 8, 1984. p. 1.
  3. 1 2 "Frank Church dies of cancer". Lewiston Morning Tribune. (from The Washington Post). April 8, 1984. p. 1.
  4. 1 2 "Mother of former Sen. Church dies in Boise". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Associated Press. March 5, 1983. p. 5B.
  5. 1 2 "Frank Forrester Church III". Encyclopedia of World Biography. 2008. Retrieved March 7, 2013.
  6. ↑ Prentice, George (February 13, 2013). "Dave Bieter". Boise Weekly. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  7. 1 2 Lardner, George, Jr. (April 25, 1976). "Frank Church running 'happy campaign,' relaxed about future". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. WP. p. A12.
  8. ↑ "Musician Carole King's Stanley ranch re-listed". Idaho Mountain Express. Ketchum. July 2, 2010.
  9. ↑ "Robinson Bar Ranch". Hall and Hall. Retrieved September 28, 2015.
  10. ↑ "Milestones: Jan. 23, 1984". Time. January 23, 1984. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  11. ↑ "Sen. Church's son sentenced to prison". Spokane Chronicle. Washington. March 25, 1987. p. A3.
  12. ↑ Bumiller, Elizabeth (14 July 2010). "Records Show Doubts on '64 Vietnam Crisis". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2010.
  13. ↑ Schmitz, David F (2006). The United States and Right-Wing Dictatorships, 1965–1989. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-86133-0. p. 121. Schmitz uses the example of "The Doves Have Won and Don't Know It" September 6, 1970 on CBS television, 2.2/32/IS, FCP; "The Doves Have Won," September 11, 1970 (Source of the "highest concept of patriotism..." quote), speech at Mills College of Education; "The Doves are Winning — Don't Despair," September 26, 1970, speech at Colorado State University and "The Unsung Victory of the Doves," December 1970, 10.6/8/8 FCP.
  14. ↑ Knott, Stephen F (November 4, 2001). "Congressional Oversight and the Crippling of the CIA". History News Network.
  15. ↑ Mooney, Chris (November 5, 2001). "Back to Church". The American Prospect. Archived from the original on 2006-12-05.
  16. ↑ Burbach, Roger (October 2003). "State Terrorism and September 11, 1973 & 2001". ZMag. 16 (10). Archived from the original (—Scholar search) on January 11, 2006.
  17. ↑ "Debate: Bush's handling of terror clues". CNN. May 19, 2002. Retrieved May 2, 2010.
  18. ↑ Ellsberg, Daniel (June 10, 2013). "Edward Snowden: saving us from the United Stasi of America". The Guardian.
  19. ↑ Popkey, Dan (5 August 2013). "Idaho's Frank Church has posthumous TV debate with Rick Santorum". Idaho Statesman. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  20. ↑ "Sen. Frank Church Warns of How Easily Government Can Abuse Expanding Surveillance Capabilities". Grabien – The Multimedia Marketplace. Grabien – The Multimedia Marketplace. 17 August 1975. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  21. ↑ Bamford, James (13 September 2011). "Post-September 11, NSA 'enemies' include us". Politico. Retrieved 21 September 2013.
  22. 1 2 The Guardian, 26 Sept. 2013, "Declassified NSA Files Show Agency Spied on Muhammad Ali and MLK Operation Minaret Set Up in 1960s to Monitor Anti-Vietnam Critics, Branded 'Disreputable If Not Outright Illegal' by NSA Itself," http://www.theguardian.com/world/2013/sep/26/nsa-surveillance-anti-vietnam-muhammad-ali-mlk
  23. ↑ "Idaho acts to rename area after Frank Church". Deseret News. Salt Lake City, Utah. UPI. February 28, 1984. p. 10B.
  24. ↑ "Reagan signs bill naming area after Frank Church". Spokane Chronicle. Washington. Associated Press. March 15, 1984. p. 3.
  25. ↑ Mouat, Lucia (October 16, 1980). "It's 'Frank' vs. 'Steve' as Idaho's Church seeks re-election to Senate". Christian Science Monitor: 6.
  26. ↑ National Hospice and Palliative Care Organization: History of Hospice
  27. ↑ "Wie gestalteten sich die sogenannte "Lockheed-Affäre" und die "Abhöraffäre"?". Franz Josef Strauß - Leben und Wirken des bayerischen Politikers.
  28. ↑ "Scancals: Lockheed's Defiance: A Right to Bribe?". Time. August 18, 1975.
  29. ↑ Shelledy, Jay (March 19, 1976). "Church joins race for White House". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. p. 1A.
  30. ↑ Lindsay, John J (June 30, 1980). "Endangered Liberals". p. 20.
  31. ↑ "Church's body returned for funeral rite at Boise". Spokane Chronicle. Washington. Associated Press. April 11, 1984. p. 36.
  32. ↑ "Church's body comes home to Idaho". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. Associated Press. April 12, 1984. p. 1.
  33. ↑ "Hundreds of Idahoans mourn". Spokane Chronicle. Washington. Associated Press. April 12, 1984. p. 1.
  34. ↑ "Frank Church will rest near boyhood hero". Spokane Chronicle. Associated Press. April 9, 1984. p. 3.
  35. ↑ Sher, Jeff (April 13, 1984). "Last tribute paid to Church". Spokesman-Review. Spokane, Washington. p. 1.
  36. ↑ Gallagher, Susan (April 13, 1984). "Church remembered as man of compassion". Lewiston Morning Tribune. Idaho. Associated Press. p. 1A.
  37. ↑ "Frank Forrester Church (II)". Find a Grave. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  38. ↑ "George W Bilderback". Find a Grave. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  39. ↑ "William Bayhouse". Find a Grave. Retrieved March 6, 2013.
  40. 1 2 "The Intelligence Gathering Debate". NBC. August 18, 1975. Retrieved May 28, 2015.
  41. 1 2 Bamford, James (December 25, 2005). "The Agency That Could Be Big Brother". The New York Times.
  42. ↑ Greenwald, Glenn (June 25, 2013). "Liberal Icon Frank Church on the NSA - Almost 40 Years Ago, the Idaho Senator Warned of the Dangers of Allowing the NSA to Turn Inward". The Guardian.

Further reading

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Frank Church.


United States Senate
Preceded by
David Worth Clark		 Democratic Party nominee for the U.S. Senator (Class 3) seat from Idaho
1956 (won), 1962 (won), 1968 (won), 1974 (won), 1980 (lost) 		Succeeded by
John V. Evans
Preceded by
Herman Welker		 U.S. Senator (Class 3) from Idaho
January 3, 1957 – January 5, 1981
Served alongside: Henry Dworshak, Leonard B. Jordan, James A. McClure		 Succeeded by
Steve Symms
Preceded by
Harrison A. Williams		 Chairman of the U.S. Senate Aging Committee
1971 – 1979 		Succeeded by
Lawton Chiles
Preceded by
John Sparkman		 Chairman of the U.S. Senate Foreign Relations Committee
January 3, 1979 – January 3, 1981 		Succeeded by
Charles H. Percy
Preceded by
Russell Long		 Youngest Member of the U.S. Senate
January 3, 1957 – June 15, 1961 		Succeeded by
John Tower
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