Flat-tail horned lizard
| Flat-tail horned lizard | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Scientific classification | |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Chordata |
| Class: | Sauropsida |
| Order: | Squamata |
| Family: | Iguanidae |
| Subfamily: | Phrynosomatinae |
| Genus: | Phrynosoma |
| Species: | P. mcallii |
| Binomial name | |
| Phrynosoma mcallii (Hallowell, 1852) | |
The flat-tail horned lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii) is a species of reptile of the Sonoran desert of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico.[2] Its multiple adaptations for camouflage help to minimize its shadow.[3] The species is threatened, with a restricted range under pressure from human activities such as agriculture and development, and is specially protected in the United States.
Description and geographic range
The flat-tail horned lizard is named for Colonel George A. M'Call,[4] who collected the first specimen in California in the 19th century. The species occupies a small range in the Sonoran Desert of southeastern California, southwestern Arizona, and extreme northern Mexico in the Baja California and Sonora states.[2] Over time, horned lizard populations have adapted to climate, food, and predators, causing them to in some ways be distinct from one another.[3]
- "A medium-sized flat-bodied lizard with a wide oval-shaped body and scattered enlarged pointed scales on the upper body and tail. The back skin is smooth with small spines. 8 horns extend from the back of the head. The two central horns are long, slender and sharp. Long and narrow spines on the lower jaw and two rows of fringe scales on the sides of the body, the bottom row scales smaller than the upper."[5]
Camouflage techniques
The flat-tail horned lizard has evolved elaborate camouflage measures to eliminate shadow. Their bodies are flattened, with the sides thinning to an edge; the animals habitually press their bodies to the ground; and their sides are fringed with white scales which effectively hide and disrupt any remaining areas of shadow there may be under the edge of the body.[3]
Different populations of the species match their local backgrounds using a combination of colour-creating cells in their back scales. These cells include black melanophores and red chromatophores in an upper layer, scattered over a layer of white reflective iridophores, enabling the flat-tail horned lizard to match the local soil or rock. So for example the Algondones Dunes population of San Luis, Sonora is generally redder than the population on the whiter Thousand Palms dunes of California.[3] In addition, the dark midline helps to disrupt the outline of the lizard, resembling the thin shadows of plant stems in its windswept sand habitat.[3]
A threatened species
This lizard is threatened by development, agriculture, and other man-made intrusions into their small range. The majority of their remaining habitat in the US is administered by the Bureau of Land Management. The species (Phrynosoma mcallii) frequently coexists with sources of natural gas, oil, geothermal energy, and minerals which can found in its habitat.[6] In 1982, the US Fish and Wildlife Service declared P. mcallii as a Candidate 2 Category for the list of threatened and endangered species due to concerns over potential threats to their habitat which could further diminish the population. P. mcallii has also been given special status in both California and Arizona, which prevents their collection.[2]
Experiments have been conducted to investigate the "fluctuations in populations of flat-tailed horned lizards, Phrynosoma mcallii, in the Coachella Valley, California. This species has the smallest range of any horned lizard in the United States. In parts of its range, there are potentially conflicting activities, such as suburban development, agriculture, off-road recreation, and activities along the international border."[7]
"Between 1978 and 1980 the Bureau of Land Management supported investigations of the status of P. mcallii in California. The purpose of this work was to determine the local distribution and relative abundance of P. mcallii, to correlate these parameters with various habitat attributes, and to gather information on the structure of the populations and mobility and food habits of individual lizards."[6]
The study also looked at the flat-tailed horned lizard's distribution and abundance throughout Arizona. The species was found to be restricted to an area of desert, 650–700 km2 in size, in the southwestern corner of the state. The species was most abundant in places with the Western whiptail (Cnemidophorus tigris), nests of the black harvester ant (Messor pergandei), galleta grass (Hilaria rigida) and sandy soils.[2]
References
- ↑ Hammerson, G.A., Frost, D.R. & Gadsden, H. (2007). Phrynosoma mcallii. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2007.RLTS.T64077A12733969.en
- 1 2 3 4 Rorabaugh, James C.; Carolyn L. Palermo; Steven C. Dunn (March 1987). "Distribution and Relative Abundance of the Flat-Tailed Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii) in Arizona". The Southwestern Naturalist. 32 (1): 103. JSTOR 3672014.
- 1 2 3 4 5 Sherbrooke, Wade C. (2003). Introduction to Horned Lizards of North America. London: University of California press. pp. 117–121. ISBN 9780520926752.
- ↑ Beolens B, Watkins M, Grayson M. (2011). "Phrynosoma mcallii", p. 172 in The Eponym Dictionary of Reptiles. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. ISBN 978-1-4214-0135-5.
- ↑ "Phrynosoma mcallii - Flat-tail Horned Lizard". Californiaherps.com. Retrieved 25 September 2011.
- 1 2 Turner, Frederick B.; Medica, Philip A. (December 21, 1982). "The Distribution and Abundance of the Flat-Tailed Horned Lizard (Phrynosoma mcallii)". Copeia. 4 (4): 815–823. doi:10.2307/1444091. JSTOR 1444091.
- ↑ Barrows, Cameron W.; Allen, Michael F. (September 2009). "Conserving Species In Fragmented Habitats: Population Dynamics Of The Flat-Tailed Horned Lizard, Phrynosoma mcallii". Southwestern Naturalist. 54 (3): 307–316. doi:10.1894/wl-22.1.
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