Ladder
A ladder is a vertical or inclined set of rungs or steps. There are two types: rigid ladders that can be leaned against a vertical surface such as a wall, and rope ladders that are hung from the top. The vertical members of a rigid ladder are called stringers or rails (US) or stiles (UK). Rigid ladders are usually portable, but some types are permanently fixed to buildings. They are commonly made of metal, wood, or fiberglass, but they have been known to be made of tough plastic.
Variations
Rigid ladders
Rigid ladders are available in many forms, such as:
- Assault ladder, used in siege warfare to assist in climbing walls and crossing moats
- Attic ladder, pulled down from the ceiling to allow access to an attic or loft
- Bridge ladder, a ladder laid horizontally to act as a passage between two points separated by a drop
- Cat ladder (US chicken ladder), a lightweight ladder frame used on steep roofs to prevent workers from sliding
- Christmas tree ladder, a type of boarding ladder for divers which has a single central rail and is open at the sides to allow the diver to climb the ladder while wearing swimfins[1]
- Counterbalanced ladder, a fixed ladder with a lower sliding part. A system of counterweights is used to let the lower sliding part descend gently when released
- Extension ladder or "telescopic ladder", a fixed ladder divided into two or more lengths for more convenient storage; the lengths can be slid together for storage or slid apart to expand the length of the ladder; a pulley system may be fitted so that the ladder can be easily extended by an operator on the ground then locked in place using the dogs and pawls. 65 ft (20 m), 50 ft (15 m) and some 35 ft (10 m) extension ladders for fire service use "bangor poles", "tormentor poles" or "stay poles" to assist "raise, pivot, steady, extend, place, retract and lower" them due to the heavy weight.
- Fixed ladder, two side members joined by several rungs; affixed to structure with no moving parts
- Folding ladder, a ladder in the step ladder style with one or more (usually no more than three) one-way hinges. Ideal for use on uneven ground (i.e. stairs), as a trestle or when fully extended a Fixed ladder. Some variations feature a central one-way hinge with extensible locking legs
- Hook ladder or pompier ladder, a rigid ladder with a hook at the top to grip a windowsill; used by firefighters
- Mobile Safety Steps or Platform Steps are self-supporting structures that have wheels or castors making them easy to move. They sometimes have a small upper platform and a hand rail to assist in moving up and down the steps.
- Orchard ladder, a three legged step ladder with the third leg made so that it can be inserted between tree branches for fruit picking
- Retractable ladder, a ladder that looks like a drainpipe but can be deployed instantly when required (for example in case of emergency)
- Roof ladder, a rigid ladder with a large hook at the top to grip the ridge of a pitched roof
- Sectional ladder, also known as a builder's ladder, has sections that come apart and are interchangeable so that any number of sections can be connected
- Step ladder, hinged in the middle to form an inverted V, with stays to keep the two halves at a fixed angle
- Telescoping ladder, commonly used to refer to a hybrid between a step ladder and an extension ladder with 360-degree hinges; has three parts and can be taken apart to form two step ladders; i.e. Little Giant
- Trestle ladder, an "A-Frame"-style ladder with a telescoping center section
- Turntable ladder, an extension ladder fitted to rotating platform on top of a fire truck
- Vertically rising ladder, designed to climb high points and facilitate suspending there
- X-deck ladder, a US patented ladder design[2][3] that is a combination ladder and scaffold
Rigid ladders were originally made of wood, but in the 20th century aluminium became more common because of its lighter weight. Ladders with fiberglass stiles are used for working on or near overhead electrical wires, because fiberglass is an electrical insulator.[4] Henry Quackenbush patented the extension ladder in 1867.[5]
Flexible ladders
- Rope ladders or Jacob's ladders are used where storage space is extremely limited, weight must be kept to a minimum, or in instances where the object to be climbed is too curved to use a rigid ladder. They may have rigid or flexible rungs. Climbing a rope ladder requires more skill than climbing a rigid ladder, because the ladder tends to swing like a pendulum. Jacob's ladders used on a ship are used mostly for emergencies or for temporary access to the side of a ship.[6] Steel and aluminium wire ladders are sometimes used in vertical caving, having developed from rope ladders with wooden rungs.
Safety
The most common injury made by ladder climbers is bruising from falling off a ladder, but bone fractures are common and head injuries are also likely, depending on the nature of the accident. Ladders can slip backwards owing to faulty base pads which usually fit into the ladder stiles. If badly worn, they can allow the aluminium to contact the ground rather than plastic or rubber, and so lower the friction with the ground. Ladder stabilizers are available that increase the ladder's grip on the ground. One of the first ladder stabilizers or ladder feet was offered in 1936 and today they are standard equipment on most large ladders.[7]
A ladder standoff, or stay, is a device fitted to the top of a ladder to hold it away from the wall. This enables the ladder to clear overhanging obstacles, such as the eaves of a roof, and increases the safe working height for a given length of ladder.
It has become increasingly common to provide anchor points on buildings to which the top rung of an extension ladder can be attached, especially for activities like window cleaning, especially if a fellow worker is not available for "footing" the ladder. Footing occurs when another worker stands on the lowest rung and so provides much greater stability to the ladder when being used. The anchor point is usually a ring cemented into a slot in the brick wall to which the rungs of a ladder can be attached using rope for example, or a carabiner.
If a leaning ladder is placed at the wrong angle, the risk of a fall is greatly increased. The safest angle for a ladder is 75.5°; if it is too shallow, the bottom of the ladder is at risk of sliding, and if it is too steep, the ladder may fall backwards. Both scenarios can cause significant injury, and are especially important in industries like construction, which require heavy use of ladders.[8]
Ladder classes
The European Union and the United Kingdom established a ladder certification system – ladder classes, for any ladders manufactured or sold in Europe. The certification classes solely apply to ladders that are portable such as stepladders and extension ladders and are broken down into three types of certification. Each ladder certification is colour-coded to indicate the amount of weight the ladder is designed to hold, the certification class and its use. The color of the safety label specifies the class and use.
- Class 1 ladder - for heavy-duty industrial uses, maximum load of 175 kg. Colour-coded blue to identify.
- Class EN131 ladders - for commercial uses, maximum load of 150 kg. No specific colour code..
- Class III ladders - for light, domestic uses, maximum load of 125 kg. Colour-coded red to identify.[9]
In the UK there are a number of British standards included in the three main ladder certifications relative to the particular ladder type. Relevant classifications include BS 1129:1990 (British) which applies to Timber Ladders and Steps; BS 2037:1994 (British) which applies to Metal and Aluminium Ladders and Steps and BS EN 131:1993 (European) which applies to both Timber and Aluminium Ladders and Steps.[10]
Uses
- Dissipative ladders are portable ladders built to ESD (Electrostatic Discharge) standard. Electrostatic Discharge is a natural occurrence in which electricity is passed through the body, or other conductor, and discharges onto some object. For example, the shock sometimes felt when a doorknob is touched is an ESD. This natural occurrence is a very important topic in the field of electronics assembly due to the costly damage ESDs can cause to sensitive electronic equipment. Dissipative ladders are ladders with controlled electrical resistance: the resistance slows the transfer of charge from one point to another, offering increased protection during ESD events: ≥105 and < 1012 Ω / square.
- Boarding and pool ladders. A ladder is also used on the side of a boat, to climb into it from the water, and in a swimming pool. Swimming pool ladders are usually made from plastic steps with special grip and metal bars on the sides to support the steps and as handrails for the user.
- Assault ladders. These are designed to be used by units which may need to board or assault vessels or buildings. They can be used when a full sized ladder is not required or when working in confined spaces. They are suited for covert operations such as sniper placement and vessel boardings. It was developed and designed for tubular assaults including buses and trains and for first story breaching. Its extra wide design gives the user greater stability, but it can still fold away to be stored. It is available in standard aluminium or non-reflective black finish in 6 and 8 feet lengths.
Historical usage
Ladders are ancient tools and technology. A ladder is featured in a Mesolithic rock painting that is at least 10,000 years old, depicted in the Spider Caves in Valencia, Spain. The painting depicts two humans using a ladder to reach a wild honeybee nest to harvest honey. The ladder is depicted as long and flexible, possibly made out of some kind of grass.[11]
Gallery
Photo of a dog and pawl on an extension ladder.
Sketch of Cat Ladder (UK terminology) an aid when working on steep roofs.- Sketch of double extension ladder
Detail of a bamboo ladder, the most common type of ladder in China
A roof ladder on the roof. Hooks extend over the ridge holding the ladder in place.
See also
Notes
- Citations
- ↑ "Diving Equipment Specialties". Techdivetools.com. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
- ↑ "Patent and Trademark Office Notices". Uspto.gov. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
- ↑ "Collapsible Platform For Maintenance Tasks - Patent 7204343". Docstoc.com. 2010-09-27. Retrieved 2014-03-05.
- ↑ "Workplace Solutions: Preventing Worker Deaths and Injuries from Contacting Overhead Power Lines with Metal Ladders". National Institute of Occupational Safety and Health. September 2007. Retrieved 16 January 2015.
- ↑ "Improved extension-ladder patent" (PDF). google.com. Retrieved 20 June 2012.
- ↑ Cutler, p 122
- ↑ "Metal Rubber Feet for Ladder Prevents Slipping" Popular Science, April 1936 article at bottom left of pg 499
- ↑ Simeonov, Peter; Hsiao, Hongwei; Powers, John (27 August 2013). "Ladder Safety: There's an App for That". Retrieved 15 January 2015.
- ↑ "Safety in the selection and use of ladders" (PDF). Health & Safety Executive. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 18, 2012. Retrieved 17 May 2014.
- ↑ "British and European Ladder Certification Standards". Clow Group Ltd.
- ↑ Wilson, Bee (2004). The Hive: The Story Of The Honeybee. London, Great Britain: John Murray (Publishers). ISBN 0-7195-6598-7
References used
- Cutler, Deborah W. and Thomas J. Cutler (2005). Dictionary of Naval Terms. Naval Institute Press, Annapolis, Maryland. ISBN 978-1-59114-150-1.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Ladders. |
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Look up ladder in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
- Ladder Safety including Ladder Types (Type I, Type II, Type III)
- OSHA Ladder guidelines including OSHA approved rung spacing requirements, etc.
- CDC - NIOSH Update - New NIOSH Smart Phone App Addresses Ladder Safety
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