Erinna

This article is about the Greek poet. For other uses, see Erinna (disambiguation).
Sappho and Erinna in a Garden at Mytilene by Simeon Solomon

Erinna (/ᵻˈrɪnə/; Greek: Ἤριννα) was a Greek poet, a contemporary and friend of Sappho, a native of Rhodes or the adjacent island of Telos or even possibly Tenos, who flourished about 600 BC (however, according to Eusebius, she was well known in 352 BC[1]). Her best-known poem was the Distaff (Greek Ἠλᾰκάτη), written in a mixture of Aeolic and Doric Greek and consisting of 300 dactylic hexameter lines, of which only four were extant until 1928. Three epigrams ascribed to her in the Palatine anthology probably belong to a later date, though some debate on the first epigram exists.

In 1928, a papyrus (PSI 1090) was found that contained 54 fragmentary lines written by her, in six pieces[2] now located in the Biblioteca Medicea Laurenziana. The poem is a lament (θρῆνος) on the death of her friend Baucis (Βαυκίς), a disciple of Sappho, shortly before her wedding.

Camillo Neri, in an Italian work assessing the surviving fragments and testimonies to her, reconstructs the poet's original name as "Herinna" (Ἥριννα).[3] She is also sometimes named "Erina".

Life

Biographical details about Erinna are few and derived mostly from ‘’The Distaff’’. The Suda puts together some of the speculation about her that accumulated by the tenth century AD: it records that she was believed to be a contemporary of Sappho and to have come from Lesbos, or possibly Teos, Telos or even Rhodes,[4] and to have died a virgin at the age of 19. The Suda is more informative on the poem itself, noting that ‘’The Distaff’’ was written in a mixture of Aeolian and Doric Greek and was 300 lines long. The tribute to her in the Greek Anthology was sourced from the Suda. An anonymous poem[5] (9.190) also states that she was only 19 when she wrote her 300 line hexameter poem, a detail which Erinna seems to have recorded herself.

Eusebius states in the Chronicon that Erinna lived around 353/2 BC; this date is generally accepted, but it is not without problems (106.4 or 107.1).[6] However, Tatian claimed that the sculptor Naukydes of Argos made a statue of her (34.10).[7] Naukydes of Argos lived in the fifth century BC, so Tatian must have been mistaken. Erinna’s dialect is especially unique because hexameter poetry was traditionally written in Ionic Greek, even by non-Ionians, but Erinna wrote in a mixed Aeolian and Doric dialect. Only Sappho and Alcman had previously written hexameters in a non-Ionic dialect. In using her own Doric dialect she made sentiments in her poem—the grief of her friend Baukis—seems more personal and heartfelt because of the use of this dialect. Many scholars argue that the Aeolian element echoes Sappho’s dialect. It is seen as a literary allusion, which emphasizes the female sex of the writer.[8] The Aeolian link with Sappho adds to the confusion of Erinna’s homeland.

Works

The Distaff

Only a few fragments of Erinna’s works remain but she is most noted for the heartfelt and elegiac style poem The Distaff, written in the local Dorian Greek dialect. Although it is unclear as to the nature of their relationship it has been assumed that Baukis (Baucis), is a childhood friend that died, or either married someone else or died before he and Erinna could consummate their love. However, the popular consensus is that Erinna’s poem is about the death of her childhood friend Baukis (Baucis), and this may have played on the irony of her early death; Erinna may have indicated in her poem that she wanted or expected such a fate too.[9]

In The Distaff, Erinna plays on the theme of weaving by using it as a metaphor to assist in her personal retelling of a childhood friend. Weaving is a metaphor for writing poetry and alludes to the thread of life spun by the Fates, as well as referring to a traditional female activity. Erinna recalls her childhood and the games they used to play—the recollection of a shared past is a theme found also in Sappho.[10] Erinna’s mourning seems to have been for the loss of her friend, to marriage, as well as her death. These two themes, death and marriage, are united as early as the myth of Persephone.[11] Erinna’s poem has also been deemed important by scholars for the glimpse it gives us of a girl’s view of her relationship with her mother.

English translation of fragments by Daniel Haberman:

“…virgins
…tortoise
…moon
… tortoise…

. . . Deep into the wave you raced,
Leaping from white horses,
Whirling the night on running feet.
But loudly I shouted, "Dearest,
You're mine!" Then you, the Tortoise,
Skipping, ran to the rutted garth
Of the great court. These things I
Lament and sorrow, sad Baucis.
These are for me, O Maiden,
Warm trails back through my heart:
Joy, once filled, smoulders in ash;
Young, in rooms without a care,
We held our miming dolls—girls
In the pretense of young brides
(And the toward-dawn-mother
Lotted wool to tending women,
Calling Baucis to salt the meat);
O, what trembling when we were small
And fear was brought by MORMO—
Huge of ear up on her head,
With four feet walking, always
Changing from face to other.
But mounted in the bed of
Your husband, dearest Baucis,
You forgot things heard from mother,
While still the littler child.
Fast Aphrodite set your
Forgetful heart. So I lament,
Neglecting though your obsequies:
Unprofaned, my feet may not leave
And my naked hair's not loosed abroad,
No lighted eye may disgrace your corpse
And in this house, O my Baucis,
Purpling shame grips me about.
Wretched Erinna! Nineteen,
I moan with a blush to grieve. . . .
Old women voice the mortal bloom. . . .
One cries out the lamenting flame. . . .
Hymen! . . . O Hymenaeus! . . .
While the night whirls unvoiced
Darkness is on my eyes . . .[12] ”

Debate on The Distaff

Erinna was perhaps the most famous Female Greek poet in the ancient world after Sappho. As she is one of the few female poets whose work has, at least in part, survived, it is ironic that West has argued that the excellence of her poetry makes it impossible for her to have been a woman. West argues that ‘’The Distaff’’ was a clever literary ruse, written by a man in the guise of a young woman. He finds the persona of the poet—an unsophisticated 19-year-old girl pouring out her heart in poetry on the death of her friend—at odds with the polished hexameter poetry. However, there is ample evidence for the education of women in the fourth century BC, including evidence from Teos, one of the possible birthplaces of Erinna.[13] While it is true that there were literary forgeries in the fourth century BC, these works were pseudonymous and were normally attributed to famous poets/writers. Texts were not invented for the unknown female authors. So only when Erinna became famous was there a context for the invention of other works in her name (i.e. the Epigrams), particularly ones which echo the theme of her great poem on the death of Baucis; hence there have been later pseudonymous epitaphs for Baucis by authors purporting to be Erinna.

Epigrams

There are three extant epigrams attributed to Erinna. Two of these epigrams (2 and 3) are epitaphs for Baucis and focus on death and marriage, a popular theme in Hellenistic poetry. The dialect, vocabulary and subject matter of the epigrams are reminiscent of the works of earlier Hellenistic poets like Asclepiades, Theocritus and Anyte.

‘’1. This portrait was made with delicate hands; Prometheus my good friend,
There are people with skill equal to your too.
Anyway, if whoever drew this girl so-true-to-life,
Had added speech, Argathrchis would be complete.

2.
My gravestone, my Sirens, and mourning urn,
Who holds Hades’ meager ashes,
Say to those who pass by my tomb ‘farewell’,
Both those from my town, and those form other states.
Also, that this grave holds me, a bride. Say also this,
That my father called me Baucis, and that my family
Was from Tenos, so that they may know, and that my friend
Erinna engraved this epitaph on my tomb.

3.
I am the tomb of Baucis, a young bride, and as you pass
The much lamented grave-stone you may say to Hades:
‘Hades, you are malicious’. When you look, the beautiful letters
will tell of the most cruel fate of the Baucis,
how her gather-in-law lit the girl’s funeral pyre
with the pine-torches over which Hymen sang.
And you, Hymen, changed the tuneful song of weddings
Into the mournful sound of lamentations.

"A Hexameter"
4.
We came to mighty Demeter, nine
Young girls, all wearing our beautiful clothes,
Wearing our beautiful clothes, and even bright necklaces
Sawn from ivory, just like the light of the sun… ’’

Debate about the Epigrams

West again argues against their authenticity, pointing out that they are derivative and only contain certain information that was in ‘’The Distaff’’ itself. He sees them as fictions ‘’inspired’’ by Erinna’s work, claiming that “’[t]hey seem to have been intended for inscription’, though this in itself does not mean that they were not written by Erinna”. The epigram on Agatharchus is of a quite a different tone and is similar to the poems of Nossis. West argues on the bases that the poem should be attributed to Nossis, but it is possible that Erinna wrote on more than one theme. Nevertheless, the epigrams were included in the Greek Anthology under Erinna’s name, and it is clear that in antiquity readers accept them as her work.

Praises

In the Greek Anthology Asclepiades, Leonidas, and an anonymous poet, sing her praises. Meleager honored her with a place in his “‘Garland’ of poets”, likening her work to a “sweet, maidenly colored crocus”. Antipater of Sidon says that, “although she wrote few verses, her work was inspired by the muses, and she would always be remembered” (7.713). Her work is compared favorably both with Homer and Sappho, introducing a link between Erinna and more famous poets.

Notes

  1. ↑ Eusebius of Caesarea, Chronicle p. 203.
  2. ↑ Marilyn Arthur, "The Tortoise and the Mirror: Erinna PSI 1090," Classical World, 74 (1980)
  3. ↑ Luis Guichard, review of Camillo Neri's Erinna. Testimonianze e Frammenti. Eikasmos, Studi, 9 in Bryn Mawr Classical Review 2004.07.24
  4. ↑ The Doric dialect which she used makes Telos or Rhodes more likely than the Ionian city of Teos or the Aeolian island of Lesbos.
  5. ↑ Paton, W. R. (1913). The Greek Anthology (Anthologia Graeca). New York: W. Heinemann; G.P. Putnam's Sons. http://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/book/lookupid?key=olbp58842
  6. ↑ Eusebius., & from Classical Armenian by: Bedrosian, R. T. (2008). Chronicle/Chronicon. Long Branch, New Jersey: Sources of the Armenian Tradition. https://ia600304.us.archive.org/17/items/EusebiusChroniclechronicon/Eusebius_Chronicle.pdf
  7. ↑ Translated by J.E. Ryland. From Ante-Nicene Fathers, Vol. 2. Edited by Alexander Roberts, James Donaldson, and A. Cleveland Coxe. (Buffalo, NY: Christian Literature Publishing Co., 1885.) Revised and edited for New Advent by Kevin Knight. <http://www.newadvent.org/fathers/0202.htm>.
  8. ↑ Peradotto, J. (1984). Women in the ancient world the Arethusa papers. Albany: State University of New York Press.
  9. ↑ Paton, W. R. (1913). The Greek Anthology (Anthologia Graeca). New York: W. Heinemann; G.P. Putnam's Sons.
  10. ↑ Pomeroy, S. B. (n.d.). Chapter 17: Women and Ethnicity in Classical Greece: Changing the Paradigms. Rhodes University. Retrieved April 27, 2014, from http://ruconnected.ru.ac.za/pluginfile.php/255346/mod_resource/content/1/Women%20and%20Ethnicity%20in%20Classical%20Greece%20-%20Pomeroy.pdf
  11. ↑ Richardson, N. J. (1974). The Homeric hymn to Demeter,. Oxford Eng.: Clarendon Press.
  12. ↑ Source of the translated text - Daniel Haberman, translator, from The Norton Book of Classical Literature, edited by Bernard Knox. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1993, pp. 572-573.
  13. ↑ Education in ancient Greece

References

External links

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