Endometriosis and infertility
In endometriosis, there is a risk of female infertility of up to 30% to 50%.[1]
Mechanism
The mechanisms by which endometriosis may cause infertility is not clearly understood, particularly when the extent of endometriosis is low.[2] Still possible mechanisms include:
- Anatomical distortions and adhesions (the fibrous bands that form between tissues and organs following recovery from an injury)
- The release of factors from endometriotic cysts which are detrimental to gametes or embryos. An endometriotic cyst contains free iron, reactive oxygen species, proteolytic enzymes and inflammatory molecules.[3] Follicular density in tissue surrounding the endometriotic cyst has been consistently shown to be significantly lower than in healthy ovaries, and to a degree that does not appear to be caused merely by the stretching of surrounding tissues owing to the presence of a cyst.[3]
The other way around, endometriosis may more likely develop in women who fail to conceive for other reasons and thus be a secondary phenomenon. For this reason it is preferable to speak of "endometriosis-associated infertility" rather than any definite "infertility caused by endometriosis" by the same reason that association does not imply causation.[4]
Management
Surgery
In younger women with unfulfilled reproductive potential, surgical treatment attempts to remove endometrial tissue and preserving the ovaries without damaging normal tissue.[5]
Surgery is more effective for infertility than medicinal intervention in endometriosis.[5] One study has shown that surgical treatment of endometriosis approximately doubles the fecundity (pregnancy rate).[6] The use of medical suppression after surgery for minimal/mild endometriosis has not shown benefits for patients with infertility.[4] Use of fertility medication that stimulates ovulation (clomiphene citrate, gonadotropins) combined with intrauterine insemination (IUI) enhances fertility in these patients.[4]
In vitro fertilization
In-vitro fertilization (IVF) procedures are effective in improving fertility in many women with endometriosis. IVF makes it possible to combine sperm and eggs in a laboratory and then place the resulting embryos into the woman's uterus. The decision when to apply IVF in endometriosis-associated infertility cases takes into account the age of the patient, the severity of the endometriosis, the presence of other infertility factors, and the results and duration of past treatments. In ovarian hyperstimulation as part of IVF in women with endometriosis, using a standard GnRH agonist protocol has been found to be equally effective in regard to using a GnRH antagonist protocol in terms of pregnancy rate.[7] On the other hand, when using a GnRH agonist protocol, long-term (three to six months) pituitary down-regulation before IVF for women with endometriosis has been estimated to increase the odds of clinical pregnancy by fourfold.[7]
No difference has been found between surgery (cystectomy or aspiration) versus expectant management, or between ablation versus cystectomy, prior to IVF in women with endometriosis.[7]
References
- ↑ Endometriosis: Does It Cause Infertility?, from American Society for Reproductive Medicine. Revised 2012
- ↑ Speroff L, Glass RH, Kase NG (1999). Clinical Gynecologic Endocrinology and Infertility (6th ed.). Lippincott Willimas Wilkins. p. 1057. ISBN 0-683-30379-1.
- 1 2 Sanchez, A. M.; Vigano, P.; Somigliana, E.; Panina-Bordignon, P.; Vercellini, P.; Candiani, M. (2013). "The distinguishing cellular and molecular features of the endometriotic ovarian cyst: from pathophysiology to the potential endometrioma-mediated damage to the ovary". Human Reproduction Update. 20 (2): 217–230. doi:10.1093/humupd/dmt053. ISSN 1355-4786.
- 1 2 3 Buyalos RP, Agarwal SK (October 2000). "Endometriosis-associated infertility". Current Opinion in Obstetrics and Gynecology. 12 (5): 377–81. doi:10.1097/00001703-200010000-00006. PMID 11111879.
- 1 2 Wellbery, Caroline (15 October 1999). "Diagnosis and Treatment of Endometriosis". American Family Physician. American Family Physician: 1753–1762. Retrieved 19 August 2013.
- ↑ Marcoux S, Maheux R, Bérubé S (July 1997). "Laparoscopic surgery in infertile women with minimal or mild endometriosis. Canadian Collaborative Group on Endometriosis". The New England Journal of Medicine. 337 (4): 217–22. doi:10.1056/NEJM199707243370401. PMID 9227926.
- 1 2 3 Farquhar, C.; Rishworth, J. R.; Brown, J.; Nelen, W. L. M.; Marjoribanks, J. (2013). Brown, Julie, ed. "Assisted reproductive technology: an overview of Cochrane Reviews". The Cochrane Library. 8: CD010537. doi:10.1002/14651858.CD010537.pub2. PMID 23970457.