Endogenous depression

Endogenous depression (melancholia) is an atypical sub-class of the mood disorder, major depressive disorder (clinical depression). Endogenous depression occurs due to the presence of an internal (cognitive, biological) stressor instead of an external (social, environmental) stressor.[1] Endogenous depression includes patients with treatment-resistant, non-psychotic, major depressive disorder, characterized by abnormal behavior of the endogenous opioid system but not the monoaminergic system.[2][3][4][5] Symptoms vary in severity, type, and frequency and can be attributed to cognitive, social, biological, or environmental factors that result in persistent feelings of sadness and distress. Since symptoms are due to a biological phenomenon, prevalence rates tend to be higher in older adults.[6] Due to this fact, biological-focused treatment plans are often used in therapy to ensure the best prognosis.[1]

History

Endogenous depression was initially considered valuable as a means of diagnostic differentiation with reactive depression. While the latter's onset could be attributed to adverse life events and treated with talk therapy, the former would indicate treatment with antidepressants.[7] Indeed, this view of endogenous depression is at the root of the popular view that mood disorders are a reflection of a 'chemical imbalance' in the brain. More recent research has shown that the probability of an endogenous depression patient experiencing an adverse life event prior to a depressive episode is roughly the same as for a reactive depression patient and the efficacy of antidepressant therapy bears no statistical correlation with the patient's diagnostic classification along this axis.[8]

Symptoms

The forefront indication a depressive episode is manifesting is the sudden loss of energy or motivation in daily routines.[9][10] When this occurs, it is not uncommon for individuals to seek medical attention with excessive worrying or anxiety that a more severe, physiological disease may be the underlying issue.[9] However, without an actual disease present, this neurotic thinking often results in severe anxiety, sleep disturbance, and mood swings which may hinder social relationships. Individuals with endogenous depression may experience inconsistencies in symptom severity ("the swing of affect") which is often the reason for delayed treatment.[9] If left untreated, symptoms may progress to a major depressive episode.

Risk factors

Endogenous depression occurs as the results of an internal stressor—commonly cognitive or biological—and not an external factor. Potential risk factors include these cognitive or biological factors. Patients with endogenous depression often are more likely to have a positive family history of disorders and fewer psychosocial and environmental factors that cause their symptoms.[11] A family history of depression and perceived poor intimate relationships are internal risk factors associated with this type of depression.[12] It is important to know these risk factors in order to take steps to recognize and help prevent this illness.

Prevalence

This type of depression often occurs due to biological reasons. Since symptoms are due to an internal phenomena, prevalence rates rend to be higher in older adults and more prevalent among women.[6] Although endogenous depression has been associated with increased age, there has been few attempts to evaluate this fully. More research is needed to indicate factual prevalence rates on this type of depression in society.

Treatment

Individuals suffering from endogenous depression require treatment plans that focus on the internal, cognitive thought processes since internal stressors are the root of somatic symptoms. Individual cognitive therapy (ICT) is therefore a common treatment used to gain insight to the individual's internal conflicts or thoughts that are motivating their distressing symptoms.[13] Once the cause of the symptoms are identified, sessions are used to develop new coping skills, behavior modification, and changes in beliefs.

As preventative measures, pharmaceuticals such as SSRI's and antidepressants may also be utilized to avoid further development or progression to Major Depressive Disorder.[13] There have been few treatments targeted specifically toward Endogenous Depression; therefore, symptoms are often managed similarly to Major Depressive Disorder. One such treatment is electroconvulsive therapy (ECT).[14] ECT is used as a treatment option for endogenous depression in adults, however, practitioners avoid the use of ECT in young adolescents due to rates of injury.[13]

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Kramer, Thomas (2002). "Endogenous Versus Exogenous: Still Not the Issue". Medscape.
  2. ↑ Nyhuis-P-W, Specka-M, Gastpar-M (2006). "Does the antidepressive response to opiate treatment describe a subtype of depression?". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 16 (S4). doi:10.1016/S0924-977X(06)70328-5.
  3. ↑ Bodkin, JA; Zornberg, GL; Lukas, SE; Cole, JO (February 1995). "Harvard Medical School Clinical Study "Buprenorphine treatment of refractory depression."". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 15 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1097/00004714-199502000-00008. PMID 7714228.
  4. ↑ Nyhuis, P.W.; Specka, M.; Gastpar, M. "P.2.b.014 Does the antidepressive response to opiate treatment describe a subtype of depression?". European Neuropsychopharmacology. 16. doi:10.1016/s0924-977x(06)70328-5.
  5. ↑ Bodkin, J. Alexander; Zornberg, Gwen L.; Lukas, Scott E.; Cole, Jonathan O. "Buprenorphine Treatment of Refractory Depression". Journal of Clinical Psychopharmacology. 15 (1): 49–57. doi:10.1097/00004714-199502000-00008.
  6. 1 2 Watts, C. A. H. (1956-06-16). "The Incidence and Prognosis of Endogenous Depression". British Medical Journal. 1 (4980): 1392–1397. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4980.1392. ISSN 0007-1447. PMC 1979411Freely accessible. PMID 13316166.
  7. ↑ Kramer, T (2002). "Endogenous Versus Exogenous: Still Not the Issue". Medscape Psychopharmacology Today. 7. 1.
  8. ↑ Watkins, JT; Leber WR; Imber SD; Collins JF; Elkin I; Pilkonis PA; Sotsky SM; Shea MT; Glass DR (1993). "Temporal Course Of Change Of Depression". Journal of Consulting & Clinical Psychology. 5. 61 (858): 64. doi:10.1037/0022-006x.61.5.858.
  9. 1 2 3 Watts, C.A.H. (April 1968). "The Evolution of Depressive Symptoms in Endogenous Depression" (PDF). The Journal of the Royal College of General Practitioners. 15(4): 251–7. PMC 2236428Freely accessible.
  10. ↑ Joiner Jr., Thomas E. (2001-02-01). "Negative attributional style, hopelessness depression and endogenous depression". Behaviour Research and Therapy. 39 (2): 139–149. doi:10.1016/S0005-7967(99)00160-6.
  11. ↑ Sinzig, Judith; Schmidt, Martin H.; Plueck, Julia. "The Representation of Early Onset Depression by ICD-9 and ICD-10 Categories". Psychopathology. 44 (6): 362–370. doi:10.1159/000325103.
  12. ↑ Roy, A. (1987-04-01). "Five risk factors for depression.". The British Journal of Psychiatry. 150 (4): 536–541. doi:10.1192/bjp.150.4.536. ISSN 0007-1250. PMID 3664137.
  13. 1 2 3 Strober, Michael; Rao, Uma; DeAntonio, Mark; Liston, Edward; State, Matthew; Amaya-Jackson, Lisa; Latz, Sara. "Effects of Electroconvulsive Therapy in Adolescents with Severe Endogenous Depression Resistant to Pharmacotherapy". Biological Psychiatry. 43 (5): 335–338. doi:10.1016/s0006-3223(97)00205-9.
  14. ↑ "Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) - Mayo Clinic". www.mayoclinic.org. Retrieved 2016-04-28.

External links

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