Emil Krebs

Emil Krebs
Born 15 November 1867
Freiburg in Schlesien
Died 31 March 1930 (aged 62)
Berlin
Occupation Sinologist

Emil Krebs (15 November 1867 in Freiburg in Schlesien – 31 March 1930 in Berlin) was a German polyglot and sinologist. He mastered 68 languages in speech and writing and studied 120 other languages.[1]

Life

The early years

Born in Freiburg in Silesia, Germany (now Świebodzice, Poland) on 15 November 1867, Emil Krebs was the son of a master carpenter named Gottlob Krebs and his wife Pauline Scholz. In 1870 he moved with his parents to Esdorf, where he attended primary school. From 1878 to 1880 he attended the Freiburger Realschule (secondary school), and from 1880 to 1887 he studied at the gymnasium in Schweidnitz. The curriculum included Latin, French, Hebrew and Classical Greek, but in addition he studied Modern Greek, English, Italian and later Spanish, Russian, Polish, Arabic and Turkish. He left the Schweidnitz gymnasium on 17 March 1887, after passing the Abitur. Thereafter he enrolled in the theology course of the University of Breslau for the summer semester. At that point he already spoke twelve languages.

The following semester Krebs enrolled as a law student at the University of Berlin. The newly founded Oriental seminar department captivated Krebs, who had concluded he wished to make the study of foreign languages the primary objective of his education. He turned first to the study of Chinese, because it was regarded by many to be the most difficult language to learn. On 24 July 1890 he passed the interpreter's examination in Chinese at the seminar for eastern languages of Berlin University with "good" marks. Within two years, Emil Krebs had absorbed Chinese to such an extent that he had attained the level of a well-educated native.

Despite his passion for learning foreign languages, he did not neglect his legal studies and passed the first State examination (equivalent to today's Staatsexamen) after the prescribed 6 semesters on 12 June 1891, again with "good" marks. He then entered the legal training service with the Royal Prussian district court in Gottesberg as a junior court lawyer. By Easter 1892, he was a junior lawyer at the Berlin Court of Appeal. Soon afterwards he began studying Turkish at the Seminar for Oriental Languages at Berlin University. On 30 September 1893, Krebs was sent to Peking (Beijing) as an aspirant interpreter.

Stay in China

On 5 December 1893, Krebs arrived in Beijing where he worked and lived until the cessation of diplomatic relations between Germany and China due to the First World War. On 10 May 1896, he was entrusted with a temporary assignment as second interpreter at the imperial legation in Beijing; on 7 October of the same year he was assigned to the post full-time. As a mediator of the conversations with Chinese politicians, he gained fame due to his impressive fluency. The German Reich took the murder of two missionaries in Shandong Province as a pretext to occupy Tsingtao (Qingdao) in November 1897 to enforce its "demands of payment for damages." From 10 November 1897 to February 1898, Krebs joined the occupation of Kiautschou (Jiaozhou). He was accompanied by German troops to impose order and afterwards worked in the imperial government for the area.

On 30 July 1900, Krebs started to work in the administration of the government of Kiautschou, though he later returned to the German legation in Beijing. Between November 1897 and July 1900 he began developing relationships with Chinese officials on a personal level.

On 16 July 1901, Emil Krebs was appointed to the job of "first interpreter" at the legation in Beijing. He had gained great respect among the Chinese, especially in the Waichiaopu, the Chinese Foreign Office. The Chinese authority EN even asked for his advice concerning grammatical questions of the Chinese language.

On 15 February 1912, Krebs was given the title of Legationsrat. On 5 February 1913, he married Mande Heyne in the German imperial consulate in Shanghai. She was the eldest daughter of the Senior Privy Councillor Glasewald. In February and March 1914, he was attached to the envoy of Haxthausen during its official travel to central and south China. Finally, on 8 August 1914, civil powers were transferred to the legation. Since he was in informed circles of Beijing as an always welcome guest, it was decided that the Chinese empress should receive updates more frequently than interlocutors.

On 25 March 1917, following the cessation of diplomatic relations between Germany and China, Krebs left Beijing.

Return to Berlin

On 23 May 1917, he returned to Berlin and on 8 September was transferred due to the dissolution of the legation in Peking, which became effective on 1 January 1918. He was then appointed to temporary service with the intelligence office for the Orient (November/December 1917), where he was assigned to the coding service of the Foreign Office until after the First World War. Between 1921 and 1923 he also worked in the translating and interpreting service.

Krebs died in March 1930, at his home in the Charlottenburg district of Berlin, Lindenstrasse 26. He was buried in the Stahnsdorfer south Westkirchhof (Epiphanien Gartenblock I, garden place 81). His brain was recovered and preserved by the researcher Oskar Vogt and is still kept as an "elite brain" in the C. and O. Vogt Institute for Brain Research at the Heinrich Heine University in Düsseldorf.

Legacy

Krebs's private library of over 3500 volumes and writings in approximately 120 languages is stored in the Library of Congress in Washington, D.C. From the compilation and the range of literature written in the respective national languages and a language list personally written by him, it can be inferred that Krebs had mastered all the languages of today's European Union, as well as other languages such as "Egyptian" (possibly Coptic), Ainu, Albanian, Arabic, Armenian, Burmese, Chinese, Georgian, Hebrew, Japanese, Javanese, Korean, Latin, Manchu, Mongolian, Nivkh, Persian, Russian, Sanskrit, "Syrian" (perhaps Aramaic), Tibetan, Turkish, and Urdu.

His writings and books of language studies prove that he learned foreign languages not only through his native German, but also through previously mastered foreign languages. For example, through English he learned "Afghan" (Pashto or Dari), Burmese, Gujarati, Hindi, Irish, Sinhalese, and Portuguese, via Russian he learned Buryat, Finnish, Tatar, and Ukrainian; he learned Basque exclusively through Spanish, at the same time as he dealt with its dialects Guipuzcoa, Bizcaya, Laburdi, and Zuberoan. As "second languages," beside German, Krebs predominantly used English, French, Russian, Chinese, Greek, Italian, Turkish, Latin, Spanish, and Arabic for learning and improving his knowledge of a new language. The New Testament, in 61 different languages, also aided his study.

Works

Krebs produced an extended translation of the Chinese Shade Plays by William Grube (Munich: 1915).

See also

References

  1. ↑ Cecile und Oskar Vogt Archiv, Düsseldorf, Interview Dr. Zwirner/Mande Krebs im Hirnforschungszentrum Berlin-Buch 1930; Nachruf Prof. Dr. Eduard Erkes, Litterae Orientales 1931, S. 13 und 14

External links

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