Eichler system

A system of plant taxonomy, the Eichler system was the first phylogenetic (phyletic) or evolutionary system.^[1][2] It was developed by August W. Eichler (1839–1887), initially in his Blüthendiagramme (1875–1878) and then in successive editions of his Syllabus (1876–1890).^[3][4][5] After his death his colleague Adolf Engler (1844–1930) continued its development, and it became widely accepted.

The system was based on dividing the plant kingdom into those plants with concealed reproductive organs (non-floral), the (Cryptogamae, = hidden reproduction) and those with visible reproductive organs (floral), the (Phanerogamae, = visible reproduction).^[6] Moreover, Eichler was the first taxonomist to separate the Phanerogamae into Angiosperms and Gymnosperms and the former into Monocotyledonae and Dicotyledonae.^[7]

Fourth edition (1886)

The system (here taken from the 4th edition of the Syllabus, 1886) divides plants into divisions, classes and groups. Groups were further divided into orders.

• Note: ranks translated into Latin

Outline: p. 6.^[8] Page numbers refer to text

• A. Cryptogamae

  division I. Thallophyta

  classis I. Algae

  group I. Cyanophyceae

  group II. Diatomeae

  group III. Chlorophyceae p. 8

  group IV. Phaeophyceae

  group V. Rhodophyceae

  classis II. Fungi

  group I. Schizomycetes

  group II. Eumycetes

  group III. Lichenes

  division II. Bryophyta

  classis I. Hepaticae

  classis II. Musci

  division III. Pteridophyta p. 21

  classis I. Equisetinae

  classis II. Lycopodinae

  classis III. Filicinae

• B. Phanerogamae

  division I. Gymnospermae p. 33

  division II. Angiospermae p. 34

  classis I. Monocotyleae (7 orders) p. 34

  order I. Liliiflorae p. 34

  ordo II. Enantioblastae

  ordo III. Spadiciflorae

  ordo IV. Glumiflorae

  ordo V. Scitamineae

  ordo VI. Gynandreae

  ordo VII. Helobiae

  classis II. Dicotyleae p. 39

  subclassis I. Choripetalae

  subclassis II. Sympetalae p. 58

Class Monocotyleae

• order I. Liliiflorae p. 34 (6 families)

  1. Liliaceae (3 subfamilies)

  a. Lilieae

  Tulipa Gagea Fritillaria Lilium Ornithogalum Allium Hyacinthus Asphodelus Aloë

  b. Melanthieae

  Colchicum Veratrum Tofieldia

  c. Smilaceae

  Paris Convallaria Asparagus Smilax

  2. Amaryllidaceae p. 35

  Galanthus Leucojum Narcissus Agave

  3. Juncaceae p. 35

  4. Iridaceae p. 35

  5. Haemodoraceae p. 35

  6. Dioscoreaceae p. 35

  7. Bromeliaceae p. 35

  ordo II. Enantioblastae p. 35

  ordo III. Spadiciflorae p. 36

  ordo IV. Glumiflorae p. 36

  ordo V. Scitamineae p. 38

  ordo VI. Gynandreae p. 38

  ordo VII. Helobiae p. 38

References

Bibliography

Works by Eichler

• Eichler, August W. (1875). Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert. 2 vols. [Floral diagrams]. Leipzig: W. Engelmann. Retrieved 17 May 2015. 
  • Volume I: 1875
  • Volume II: 1878
• Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde Lipsius und Tischer, Kiel 1876.
  • Subsequent editions published as Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik, 2nd ed. 1880, 3rd ed. 1883, 4th ed. 1886, 5th 1890
    • Eichler, August W. (1880) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (2nd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger. 
    • Eichler, August W. (1883) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (3rd ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger. 
      • Outline: p. 1 (Eichler 1883, p. 1)
    • Eichler, August W. (1886) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (4th ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger. 
    • Eichler, August W. (1890) [1876]. Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (5th ed.). Berlin: Borntraeger. 

Other

• Oudemans, C.A.J.A. (1896). Rangschikking der Planten.  in Oudemans, C.A.J.A. & Hugo de Vries. Leerboek der plantenkunde, ten gebruike bij het hooger onderwijs.  volume 2(2).
• Engler, Adolf (1903) [1892]. Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien : eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik (3rd ed.). Berlin: Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag. p. 233. Retrieved 31 January 2014. 
• Lawrence, G. H. M. (1951). Taxonomy of vascular plants. 
• Core, Earl Lemley (1955). Plant taxonomy. Prentice-Hall. Retrieved 19 May 2015. 
• Goldberg, Aaron (1986). "Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons". Smithsonian Contributions to Botany. 58: 1–314. 
• Sharma, O. P. (2009). Plant Taxonomy (2nd ed.). Tata McGraw-Hill Education. ISBN 9781259081378. Retrieved 18 May 2015. 
• Stuessy, Tod F. (2009). Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data (2nd ed.). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231518642. Retrieved 5 May 2015. 

List of systems of plant taxonomy
Pre-Linnaean	John Ray system (1686–1704) A discourse on the seeds of plants Methodus plantarum nova De Variis Plantarum Methodis Dissertatio Brevis Methodus plantarum emendata et aucta
Pre-Darwinian	Linnaean system (1735–51) Systema Naturae Species Plantarum Genera Plantarum Philosophia Botanica Adanson system (1763) Familles naturelles des plantes De Jussieu system (1789) Genera Plantarum, secundum ordines naturales disposita juxta methodum in Horto Regio Parisiensi exaratam De Candolle system (1819–24) Théorie élémentaire de la botanique, ou exposition des principes de la classification naturelle et de l'art de décrire et d'etudier les végétaux Prodromus systemati naturalis regni vegetabilis sive enumeratio contracta ordinum, generum specierumque plantarum huc usque cognitarum, juxta methodi naturalis normas digesta Berchtold and Presl system (1820–1823) O Prirozenosti Rostlin Agardh system (1825) Classes Plantarum Gray system (1821) The Natural Arrangement of British Plants Dumortier system (1829) Analyse des familles des plantes Lindley system (1830–45) An Introduction to the Natural System of Botany The Vegetable Kingdom Don system (1834) General History of Dichlamydious Plants. Bentham & Hooker system (1862–83) Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. Baillon system (1867–94) Histoire des plantes
Post-Darwinian (Phyletic)	Nineteenth century Eichler system (1875–1886) Blüthendiagramme: construirt und erläutert Syllabus der Vorlesungen über Phanerogamenkunde Engler system (1886–1924) Führer durch den Königlich botanischen Garten der Universität zu Breslau Die Natürlichen Pflanzenfamilien Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Das Pflanzenreich van Tieghem system (1891) Traité de botanique Twentieth century Dalla Torre & Harms system (1900–07) Genera Siphonogamarum, ad systema Englerianum conscripta Warming system (1912) Haandbog i den systematiske botanik Hallier system (1912) L'origine et le système phylétique des angiospermes Bessey system (1915) The phylogenetic taxonomy of flowering plants Wettstein system (1901–35) Handbuch der systematischen Botanik Lotsy system (1907–11) Vorträge über botanische Stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein Lehrbuch der Pflanzensystematik. Hutchinson system (1926–73) The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny Calestani system (1933) Le origini e la classificazione delle Angiosperme Kimura system (1956) Système et phylogénie des monocotyledones Emberger system (1960) Traité de Botanique systématique Melchior system (1964) Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien Takhtajan system (1966–97) A system and phylogeny of the flowering plants Flowering plants: origin and dispersal Diversity and classification of flowering plants Cronquist system (1968–81) The evolution and classification of flowering plants An integrated system of classification of flowering plants Goldberg system (1986–89 Classification, Evolution and Phylogeny of the Families of Dicotyledons Dahlgren system (1975–85) The families of the monocotyledons: structure, evolution, and taxonomy Thorne system (1968–2000) An updated phylogenetic classification of the flowering plants Kubitzki system (1990–) The Families and Genera of Vascular Plants Reveal system (1999) Reveal System of Angiosperm Classification
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group System (1998–2009)	An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants (APG I) An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV Angiosperm Phylogeny Website
See also	Plantae at Wikispecies