Ehrenfest model

The Ehrenfest model (or dog-flea model[1]) of diffusion was proposed by Tatiana and Paul Ehrenfest to explain the second law of thermodynamics. The model considers N particles in two containers. Particles independently change container at a rate λ. If X(t) = i is defined to be the number of particles in one container at time t, then it is a birth-death process with transition rates

and equilibrium distribution .

Mark Kac proved in 1947 that if the initial system state is not equilibrium, then the entropy, given by

is monotonically increasing (H-theorem). This is a consequence of the convergence to the equilibrium distribution.

References

  1. Nauenberg, M. (2004). "The evolution of radiation toward thermal equilibrium: A soluble model that illustrates the foundations of statistical mechanics". American Journal of Physics. 72 (3): 313–311. doi:10.1119/1.1632488.
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