Economy of Central America
| World economy |
|---|
The economy of Central America is the sixth largest economy in Latin America, behind Brazil, Mexico, Argentina, Chile and Colombia, According to the World Bank, the nominal GDP of Central America reached 204 billion US dollars in 2010, as recovery from the crisis of 2009, where GDP suffered a decline to 3.8%.[1] The major economic income are the agriculture and tourism, although the industrial sector is in strong growth, mainly in Panama.
United States is the main socio-commercial of all Central American countries. Other important socio-commercial countries in Central America are the European Union, Japan, Dominican Republic and Mexico.[2] Currently, Central American bloc based on a bilateral free trade agreement (FTA) with the United States known as CAFTA-DR, and another in negotiations with Peru. The Panama Canal is the connection of Central America with the rest world, and the main means of communication for trade with Central America, South America, United States, Europe and Asia.
The economic development of Central America is the Middle level, although competitiveness is remarkable:
- Guatemala: Is the largest economy in the isthmus and the tenth in Latin America, has the largest nominal GDP ($118 655 million)[3] and GDP PPP of $81.51 billion (2013 data).[4] Maintains strong commercial relations mainly with the United States, Mexico, Taiwan, Dominican Republic, Germany and Korea. According to the International Monetary Fund, Guatemala has a stable economy.[5]
- Panama: Besides having the highest HDI in the region,[6] Panama has been the highest economic growth in Latin America, with an increase of 6.2% (2014).[7] Panama is recognized as the most industrial country in Central America, and the second in Latin America after Chile. Has strong business relationships and treaties with the United States, China, Colombia, Costa Rica, Japan and Singapour.
- Costa Rica: The economy of Costa Rica is the third largest in the region, is the Central American country that has more trade relations, mainly with the United States, Singapore, European Union, Mexico, Chile, China, CARICOM (Caribbean Community), among others countries. Politically, Costa Rica is the most stable country in Central America.
- El Salvador: According to the World Bank, El Salvador is the fourth largest economy in the region, and has a GDP PPP of $50,903 million.[3] The Salvadoran economy grew by 3% in 2010, after a strong contraction in 2009.[8]
- Honduras: Is the second poorest country in Central America, with 60% living in poverty according to the CIA World Factbook. In percentage, Honduras has the largest cheap labor in Central America, its economy is mainly agricultural, the main export products are rice, coffee, bananas, vegetables, and other products.[9]
- Nicaragua: Is the least stable country in the region, and the second poorest in the hemisphere after Haiti. Nicaragua is the country that produces less, has the lowest HDI in the region, and even it has the lowest minimum wage in Central America (USD $141.00).[10] Nicaragua is the country that receives financial assistance in the region, since 4 out of 10 people live on less than a dollar a day,[11] according to the PNUD. Nicaragua is integrated into the Bolivarian Alliance for the Peoples of Our America (ALBA).
Currency by country
Each country has its own national currency, with the exception of El Salvador, where the US dollar was taken as currency in the country as of January 1, 2001,[12] replacing the Salvadoran colon, Belize is a country where circulates the dollar, although of type Belizean. In the case of Panama two types of currency are circulating, the Panamanian balboa and the US dollar.
| Countries |
Official Currency |
|---|---|
 Belize |
Belizean dollar |
 Costa Rica |
Colón |
 El Salvador |
American dollar |
 Guatemala |
Quetzal |
 Honduras |
Lempira |
 Nicaragua |
Córdoba |
 Panama |
Balboa / American dollar |
Gross domestic product by Country (2012)
Guatemala has the highest Gross Domestic Product in Central America, followed by Panama, Costa Rica and El Salvador. The GDP data are based on data from the World Bank corresponding to 2012.[13] The rates of economic growth come from the CIA The World Factbook.[14]
| Countries | GDP PPP | GDP PPP per capita | nominal GDP | nominal GDP per capita | Economic growth (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belize |
$2.754.000.000 | $8.412 | $1.520.000.000 | $4.481 | +3.00 |
| Costa Rica |
$58.599.000.000 | $12.558 | $44.884.000.000 | $9.500 | +5.10 |
| El Salvador |
$45.980.000.000 | $7.734 | $23.985.000.000 | $4.108 | +1.90 |
| Guatemala |
$78.419.000.000 | $5.191 | $50.296.000.000 | $3.330 | +3.30 |
| Honduras |
$37.670.000.000 | $4.593 | $18.180.000.000 | $2.185 | +3.30 |
| Nicaragua |
$19.894.000.000 | $3.336 | $7.828.000.000 | $1.291 | +4.10 |
| Panama |
$67,804,000,000 | $17,830 | $36,252,500,000 | $9,534 | +10.00 |
Exports and Imports
Regarding exports and imports, the balance is negative in the region, each country consumes more than it produces. The main products that the region exports are agricultural type (cocoa, coffee, rice, flowers, etc.), the largest purchaser is the United States. While on the other hand, the region imports nontraditional products (cars, appliances, electronics, etc.) and the main seller is United States.
| Countries |
Imports of goods and services(2010) | Exports of goods and services(2010) | Balance |
|---|---|---|---|
| Panama[15] |
$25.232.000.000 | $18.106.000.000 | +$835.000.000 |
| Costa Rica[16] |
$14.010.000,000 | $12.120.000.000 | +$120.000.000 |
| El Salvador[17] |
$8.234.000.000 | $9.333.000.000 | +$135.000.000 |
| Guatemala[18] |
$8.135.000.000 | $8.957.000.000 | +$130.000.000 |
| Honduras[19] |
$7.235.000.000 | $7.002.000.000 | +$96.300.000 |
| Nicaragua[20] |
$4.723.000.000 | $3.366.000.000 | +$100.500.000 |
Foreign direct investment
According to the World Bank, Panama, Costa Rica and Guatemala are the countries that receive more foreign direct investment in Central America, and exceeded one billion US dollars. The next table shows the values in dollars, and investment growth between 2010 and 2014:[21]
| Countries | Foreign Investment (2010) | Foreign Investment (2011) | Foreign Investment (2012) | Foreign Investment (2013) | Foreign Investment (2014) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Belize |
$96.449.877 | $95.348.525 | $194.201.409 | $92.247.731 | $141.097.030 |
| Costa Rica |
$1.850.664.231 | $2.141.615.128 | $2.692.160.896 | $3.284.494.667 | $2.345.257.533 |
| El Salvador |
$113.160.684 | $122.500.004 | $447.709.564 | $242.345.997 | $474.801.761 |
| Guatemala |
$845.598.200 | $1.139.659.133 | $1.263.638.429 | $1.353.141.908 | $1.204.670.350 |
| Honduras |
$484.836.873 | $1.042.571.021 | $1.067.550.208 | $1.069.029.263 | -- |
| Nicaragua |
$489.900.000 | $936.300.000 | $767.658.534 | $815.500.000 | $840.000.000 |
| Panama |
$2.549.100.000 | $4.395.600.000 | $3.297.100.000 | $5.053.200.000 | $5.213.800.000 |
Banking
Banking is one of the main economic activities in Central America, which takes place mainly in Panama, El Salvador and Costa Rica. Since 2010, Guatemala, Honduras and Nicaragua have developed strong growth of the banking. Regarding financial centers, El Salvador and Panama are the only Central American countries that have a World Trade Center.
The economist magazine American Economy published its ranking "The 250 best banks in Latin America," presented the list of the 42 Central American banks included.
Within the Latin American general ranking, the first Central American Bank is the number 39 in the list, and it is the HSBC Panama in Panama City.
Within the first 100 places in the general ranking of Amperica Economy, 7 Central banks appears: HSBC Panama ranked 39th, General of Panama at 42, National Panama (57), National of Costa Rica (70), Bladex of Panama (75), Agricultural Bank of El Salvador (85) and Costa Rica Bank of Costa Rica (92).[22]
See also
References
- ↑ GDP growth (annual %) World Bank Data. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Relaciones Comerciales entre Centroamérica, Panamá y Japón SIECA. July 2013. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- 1 2 Report for Selected Countries and Subjects International Monetary Fund.
- ↑ Guatemala Producto Interno Bruto (PIB) IndexMundi sources of the CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ FMI calificó como estable la economía de Guatemala
- ↑ Panamá - Índice de Desarrollo Humano - IDH Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Economía panameña crece al 6,2% Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Perspectivas del FMI sobre Centroamérica Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ CIA The World Factbook - Honduras Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Prensa Latinoamericana. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ PNUD. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ La Prensa Gráfica. Retrieved; 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Gross domestic product 2012, PPP. World Bank. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ «Country Comparison. GDP - real growth rate», CIA The World Factbook. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe • 2010 Panamá. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe • 2010 Costa Rica. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe • 2010 El Salvador. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe • 2010 Guatemala. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe • 2010 Honduras. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Balance preliminar de las economías de América Latina y el Caribe • 2010 Nicaragua. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Inversión extranjera directa por país (2010-2014) Data World Bank. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.
- ↑ Ranking de Bancos de Centroamérica The Economist magazine American Economy. Retrieved: 25/07/2015.