Eben Gowrie Waterhouse

Camellia 'E.G. Waterhouse' raised by Waterhouse in 1946 at Gordon, NSW and named after himself.^[1]

Eben Gowrie Waterhouse OBE CMG (1881–1977) was an Australian scholar, linguist, garden designer and camellia expert. Based in Sydney, he improved the teaching there of foreign languages to lasting effect. He fostered a conception of garden design which still dominates much of the Sydney North Shore. He brought about a worldwide revival of interest in the genus Camellia, and lasting changes to the appearance of certain suburbs of Sydney and Melbourne.^[2]

Early life

Eben Gowrie Waterhouse (Gowrie to his intimates) was born in Sydney on 29 April 1881. He was the second of the three boys of Gustavus John Waterhouse and his wife Mary Jane Vickery, both native-born. His two grandfathers were English, one grandmother Scottish, one German.^[3] To his German grandmother he attributed his lifelong love of the German language.^[3] His older brother, Gustavus Athol (known as Athol; 1877–1950) became a noted entomologist and published the first comprehensive catalogue of Australian butterflies.^[4] His younger brother, Leslie Vickery (Les) Waterhouse (1886–1945) was an influential mining engineer.^[5] Gowrie came to love plants, especially native plants, as a young bushwalker.^[6]

Education

With his brothers, Waterhouse was educated at Sydney Grammar School and the University of Sydney (B.A. with first class honours in French, German and Italian 1900–1903; MacCallum Prize for English 1901; M.A. 1919).^[3][6]

Languages and cultures

After four years teaching at the King's School Parramatta, and two years studying languages and phonetics at Leipzig, Waterhouse returned as master of foreign languages at Sydney Grammar with his "direct method" of teaching foreign languages.^[7] The method was to begin using the language in conversation getting the sounds right; underlying grammatical structure came later.^[3] It was so successful he was quickly taken on to the faculty of the Sydney Teachers' Training College. His pupils there disseminated the method in New South Wales schools.^[8] He became Associate Professor of German at the University of Sydney in 1926; professor of German and Comparative Literature from 1938 to 1946.^[2] He was also prominent from the 1920s in the Goethe Society, the Alliance Française and the Dante Alighieri Art and Literary Society. Waterhouse relinquished his university chair in 1946, but remained honorary curator of the university grounds till 1949.^[6]

Waterhouse thought each person strove to find and express his individual genius, and that the highest form of its expression was to be found in literature and art. To him, the great exponent and exemplar of such genius was the German poet Goethe.^[9] When Waterhouse describes his own landscaping and gardening as an art, the implication is that the expression of Waterhouse's individual genius is to be found in his gardens.

In the 1930s he supported the League of Nations inside and outside the university.^[10] He proposed a Club of International Culture be established in Sydney to break down misunderstanding between cultures and to encourage a richer cultural development in Australia itself.^[11] In this he was like his English friend and fellow camellia enthusiast Sir Henry Price, co-founder of the Royal Institute of International Affairs at that time for parallel reasons.^[12][13] Travelling in Europe shortly after the Night of the Long Knives, Waterhouse had the prestige, standing and fluency to gain interviews with Hitler and Mussolini. His views were widely reported: he found Hitler face to face idealistic, fanatical, dramatic but unsound; Mussolini more statesman-like.^[14] Goebbels he thought dangerous and cunning.^[15] He preferred to live in "our free and sane Australia."^[16]

In his eighties Waterhouse taught himself Japanese in order to be able to "talk camellias" with Japanese experts.^[17]

Marriage

In 1911 Waterhouse married Janet Frew Kellie, a Scotswoman he had met in Paris in 1907. They returned to Sydney and eventually had four sons. Gordon Gowrie Waterhouse (1913–1986) was a horticulturalist who, with his father, established Camellia Grove Nursery in St Ives in 1939.^[18] Douglas Frew Waterhouse (1916–2000) became noted as a biologist at the CSIRO.^[4] Evan Wilson Waterhouse (1919-1970) founded Bellbird Books. Ian Kellie Waterhouse (1921-2013) was Foundation Professor of Psychology at Macquarie University.^[17]

Eryldene

Garden studio at Eryldene (camellias at right)

Between 1913 and 1936 Waterhouse had built on half an acre (0.2 hectares) of land at 17 McIntosh Street, Gordon a house and garden called Eryldene after his wife's birthplace in Scotland. The Waterhouses with their son Gordon moved into the house in 1914. The garden eventually doubled in size; in 1921 it incorporated the block facing the street behind.^[6] The house and the garden buildings were designed and built by William Hardy Wilson in a Georgian Colonial Revival style modelled on early buildings in Sydney and Hobart, but also on Indian bungalows of the same period.^[19][20] House and garden were seen as a unit in the Arts and Crafts manner, though the house is not an Arts and Crafts house and the garden, designed by Waterhouse, is more symmetrical and formal than the "sinuous gravel paths, squiggly beds, standard roses and general fussiness"^[21] of the neighbouring Arts and Crafts gardens.^[22][23] Extending the axes of the house were garden "rooms" set against a background of existing eucalypts.^[24] Waterhouse illustrated this in an article in The Home in 1923.^[25][26] Eryldene became "a touchstone for the Sydney gardens of the first half of the twentieth century."^[22]

Waterhouse felt that shrubs, camellias especially, lent "great personality" to a garden in a way which had been neglected in Australia.^[3] His garden came to contain the largest private collection of camellias in Sydney. At a time of enormous expansion of gardens and housing on the North Shore, Eryldene and its plantings were imitated all over Sydney (and in many issues of The Home, until the magazine gave way in the Thirties to Spanish cloisters and Modernist sundecks). Nearly a century later, the suburbs of Gordon, Killara, Pymble and Turramurra between May and August present an exceptional display of camellias in every form. The Melbourne suburbs of Ivanhoe and Heidelberg show something similar.

Eryldene became a lively centre between the Wars for leaders of opinion and taste, especially those connected to Sydney Ure Smith's The Home: Ure Smith himself, Hardy Wilson, Alfred and Jocelyn Brown,^[22] Adrian Feint, Paul Jones,^[27] Harold Cazneaux,^[28] John Moore^[29] and Leslie Wilkinson.^[30] Woodhouse was a friend of artists Lionel Lindsay, George Lambert and Thea Proctor.^[31] His circle of friends also included the State Governor, Lord Gowrie and Lady Gowrie. Another group were University linguists, most importantly Christopher Brennan, whom Waterhouse regarded as a great poet.^[3]

Landscape and garden

Waterhouse camellia 'Lady Gowrie' of 1951; flowering in shade in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne

Waterhouse camellia 'Beverley Caffin Rosea' of 1947 in the Royal Botanic Gardens, Melbourne

Waterhouse participated fully in the 1920s and 1930s expansion of gardening as an art form and way of life. His view always and everywhere combines a scholarly internationalism with unflinching aestheticism. In The Home in 1926 he published "Gardening as an Interpretive Art," illustrated with photos by Cazneaux of his own garden.^[32] His argument was elaborated and refined in "Domestic Gardening as an Art" in 1943.^[33] Annual and perennial flowers are not enough to sustain the garden as a work of art. Texture and form, not colour alone, were stable enough to support the symphonic repetition and variation of garden elements. Garden rooms formed by walls and hedges should be provided with the "furniture" of pots and geometrical shrubs — juniper, hydrangea and camellia. Larger pieces of furniture were provided by classical or oriental temples at the end of sandstone paths.^[34] The "floor covering" of the garden room was a well made lawn. Its role in structuring garden space should not be confused by island beds but emphasised by well-planted borders.^[33]

Roses, the definitive plant of the Arts and Crafts garden,^[35] were severely devalued as "too scraggy" for a Waterhouse design. The only rose bush he recommends for Sydney is 'Cramoisi Supérieur' for its combination of bright colour and firmly rounded form.^[36]

He imagined in 1931 an enormous landscaped garden of 300 or 400 acres in which colour-forms would take the place of tonal groups in music. The garden was to be, not just an earthly paradise, but a Gesamtkunstwerk on greater-than-Wagnerian scale. The Sydney Harbour Bridge (opened in 1932) should be landscaped. To encourage such works of garden art, he wanted the University of Sydney to found a chair of landscape and domestic gardening.^[37] He "looked forward to the day when this school of landscape architecture would be established, where people could go for inspiration and for effective training in the work that was now being done by amateurs. It was a dream of the future, but he hoped that it would be realised."^[38]

Overemphasis on cottage gardens had detracted from the "dignity and personality" of trees, especially Australian native trees, in the landscape.^[39] In a scheme for the McMaster Building at Sydney University, he specified a row of poplars to stand opposite the façade, matching its height and width, closed off at one end by five Coral trees with flowers to match the bricks.^[40] Waterhouse was also responsible for planting what became the well-loved and iconic Jacaranda tree in the University of Sydney Quadrangle.

With the encouragement of the Vice-Chancellor, Waterhouse redesigned and replanted the grounds of the University of Sydney 1925–1949. He redesigned the garden around the Royal Prince Alfred Hospital and made designs for the University of New England. When the State Governor moved to Canberra as Governor-General of Australia, Waterhouse spent many hours at Yarralumla discussing the landscaping with Lady Gowrie.^[41] Sixteen years later he dedicated a camellia to her, one of his "eight or nine really good varieties".^[42]

His last book explores the use of camellias in ikebana, on which his wife Janet was an acknowledged expert.^[17]

Camellias

Entry sign at the E.G. Waterhouse Camellia Gardens showing opening hours

Western interest in camellias as luxury flowers had waxed 1840–1880 then waned as they lost favour to orchids. Waterhouse's writing and breeding brought about a renewal of interest 1920–1960 in camellias (even in Japan),^[3] now as warm-climate woodland trees. He early formed the opinion that the rich and well watered soils of the North Shore were ideally suited to plants found in forest glades, most notably Japanese azaleas and camellias.^[42][43] He became one of the world's leading scholars of camellias — the International Camellia Society, of which he became the first president in 1962, has a register containing over 150 entries on camellias which Waterhouse identified, bred, discovered, renamed or reclassified.^[44] Among these were camellias originally imported to colonial New South Wales or raised there by Sir William Macarthur of Camden Park 1820–61.^[45]

In 1970 Waterhouse assembled a national collection of camellias on two hectares in the Sutherland Shire (at Caringbah), Sydney. The collection was renamed at his death the E.G. Waterhouse National Camellia Gardens. It contains more than 450 cultivars and species.^[46]

Growing many camellias led to discovering natural seedlings and sports, as well as propagating known varieties and making deliberate crosses — starting with 'Plantation Pink' in 1942. Nearly all his named original varieties are still commercially available.

Camellias raised by E.G. Waterhouse

Collecting

Waterhouse began collecting art in the 1920s. He was a discerning collector of fine pieces from China, Persia and Europe.^[50] In particular he collected Persian rugs and bowls and Chinese scrolls, porcelain, roof tiles and paintings. The Tang was a favoured period. Contemporary photos of the interior of Eryldene show the walls covered in Chinese art and watercolours of camellias. He was a trustee of the Art Gallery of New South Wales 1938–1962, the last two years as President.^[51]

Honours

In 1933 Waterhouse was knighted by the king of Italy for his contribution to Italian culture abroad.^[52] Waterhouse received the Goethe Medal in 1957 for his work as a Germanist.^[53]

In 1962, the year the International Camellia Society was founded, he was awarded an OBE for services to the community. The Royal Horticultural Society in 1966 awarded him its Veitch Memorial Medal for services to horticulture.^[3] In 1976 he became a CMG for services to horticulture.^[54]

Death

Waterhouse died on 17 August 1977 at Killara. He was 96. Janet had died at 88 in 1973. The Ku-ring-gai Council bought his house and land from the Waterhouse family for $150,000, and under Council aegis The Eryldene Trust assumed ownership in 1981.^[55]

Works

• Waterhouse, E.G.; Snowden, J.A. (1913). The initial stage in French by the direct method : a handbook for teachers containing detailed lesson-notes for fifty-two lessons. Sydney: W.A. Gullick, Government Printer. 

• Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie (1914). The teaching of the French verb : being an outline method for the presentation and practice of the tenses and moods. Sydney: Teachers' College Press. 

• Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie (ed.) (1932). Liederbuch. Sydney: Shakespeare Head Press. 

• Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie (1932). Goethe, Centenary Address. Glebe, NSW: Australasian Medical Publishing Co.  |access-date= requires |url= (help) Rare copies in the Mitchell Library and the Macquarie University Library, Sydney.

• Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie; Feint, Adrian (illustrator); Jones, Paul (illustrator) (1947). Camellia Quest. Sydney: Ure Smith.  The print run of 550 deluxe copies sold out in a month. According to The Oxford Companion to Australian Gardens, Waterhouse's Camellia Quest and Camellia Trail are "arguably the most beautiful garden books published in Australia".^[6]

• Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie; Jones, Paul (illustrator) (1952). Camellia Trail. Sydney: Ure Smith.  A print run of 1,000 deluxe copies.

• Waterhouse, Eben Gowrie (1968). The Magic of Camellias; Creative Ideas for Japanese Flower Arrangement. Sydney: Ure Smith. 

See also

• Landscape design

External links

• E. G. Waterhouse National Camellia Garden (official website)

References