Dir (clan)

Main article: Somali people
Dir
(در(النبيلة
Regions with significant populations
 Somalia n/a
 Djibouti n/a
 Ethiopia n/a
 Kenya n/a
 United Kingdom n/a
Languages
Somali
Religion
Islam (Sunni, Sufism),
Related ethnic groups
Isaaq, Surre, Darod, Hawiye, Rahanweyn, other Somali people

The Dir, official name: Abukar (Somali: Dir , Dirweyn , Direed or Beesha Direed, Arabic: در , قبيلة در , بنو در , قبيلة أبوكار , بنو أبوكار , ‎‎), is a major and one of the noble Somali clan families. They are geographically spread across 4 countries or Shanta Soomaaliyeed , the 5 Somali regions that make up Greater Somalia: Djibouti(former: French Somaliland(1)), Somalia(former: British Somaliland(2) and Italian Somaliland(3)), Kenya, The North Eastern Province(4) and the Ethiopia, the Somali region, but also in the Oromia and Afar regions(5).[1][2][3][4]

History

The Dir clan is famously known for leading a revolt against the Italians. This revolt was mainly led by the Biimaal section of the Dir. The Biimaal clan is widely known for leading a resistance against the colonials in southern Somalia.The Biimaal violently resisted the imposition of colonialism and fought against the Italian colonialists of Italian Somaliland in a twenty-year war known as the Biimaal revolt in which many of their warriors assassinated several Italian governors. This revolt can be compared to the war of the Mad Mullah in northern Somalia.[5][6][7] The Biimaal mainly lives in Southern Somalia, the Somali region of Ethiopia, which their Gaadsen sub-clan mainly inhabits and in the NEP region of Kenya.[8][9] The Biimaal are pastoralists. They were also successful merchants and traders in the 19th century.[10] In the 19th century they have engaged in multiple wars with the Geledi clan, which they were victorious in. [10][11]

The chartered city of Dire Dawa or in Somali known as Dire Dhabe is named after the ancestor Dir. According to the "Futuh Al Habasha: Conquest of Abyssinia", the area or settlement was only called Dir around 5 centuries ago.[12]

I.M. Lewis and many sources maintain that the Dir together with the Hawiye trace ancestry through Irir son of Samaale to Banu Hashim Arabian origins with Aqeel Abu Talib ibn Abd al-Muttalib.[13][14][15][16][17] Dir is regarded as the father-in-law of Darod, the progenitor of the Darod clan[18]Although some sources state it was the daughter of Hawiye who Darod married.[19][20][21]

Recorded tradition have it that the Dir were one of the original and one of earliest participants in the history of Mogadishu. Of the Dir to participate in the history, Madigan is recorded.[22]

Lineage

Dir or Abukar had four sons named:

According to others, Dir had a fifth son, Qaldho Dir.

Branches

The main sub-clans of the Dir today are the

Political groups

Political groups associated with the Dir clans include the following groups in Somalia and Ethiopia:

Clan tree

The following list is based on the Nuova Antologia(1890), I'm Lewis's book: People of the Horn of Africa and a paper published in March 2002 by Ambroso Guido : CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA.[30][23][31]

Dir

(Gurgura, Gurre, Gariire whom are of the Madahweyn Dir or Madawini written in I.M Lewis book:Peoples of the Horn of Africa)

There is no clear agreement on the clan and sub-clan structures and many lineages are omitted. The following listing is taken from the World Bank's Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics from 2005 and the United Kingdom's Home Office publication, Somalia Assessment 2001.[37][38]

In the south central part of Somalia the World Bank shows the following clan tree:[39]

Historical publications

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/4150/1/Clanship,%20conflict%20and%20refugees_An%20introduction%20to%20Somalis%20in%20the%20Horn%20of%20Africa.pdf CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso Page 6
  2. ↑ Garre live in Southern Somalia, North Eastern Kenya and Southern Ethiopia. In Southern Somalia, they live in Kofur near Mogadishu and El Wak District in Gedo Province. In Ethiopia, they live in Moyale, Hudet and Woreda of Liban zone. In Kenya, the Garre inhabit Wajir North and Moyale. UNDP paper http://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Amani%20Papers/AP_Volume1_n2_May2010.pdf
  3. ↑ Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 9781135751753.
  4. ↑ The Quranyo section of the Garre claim descent from Dirr, who are born of the Irrir Samal. UNDP Paper in Keyna http://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Amani%20Papers/AP_Volume1_n2_May2010.pdf
  5. ↑ Ciisa-Salwe, Cabdisalaam M. (1996-01-01). The collapse of the Somali state: the impact of the colonial legacy. HAAN. p. 19. ISBN 9781874209270.
  6. ↑ Abdullahi, Mohamed Diriye (2001-01-01). Culture and Customs of Somalia. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 23. ISBN 9780313313332.
  7. ↑ PhD, Dr Badal Kariye BA, BSIT, MA, MBA & (2010-07-23). The Kaleidoscopic Lover: The Civil War in the Horn of Africa & My Itinerary for a Peaceful Lover. Author House. p. 83. ISBN 9781452004648. Twenty year war
  8. ↑ Schlee, Günther (1989-01-01). Identities on the Move: Clanship and Pastoralism in Northern Kenya. Manchester University Press. pp. 107, 108, 275 and 99. ISBN 9780719030109. Biimal
  9. ↑ Kefale, Asnake (2013-07-31). Federalism and Ethnic Conflict in Ethiopia: A Comparative Regional Study. Routledge. p. 89. ISBN 9781135017989. gadsan
  10. 1 2 Olson, James Stuart (1996-01-01). The Peoples of Africa: An Ethnohistorical Dictionary. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 97. ISBN 9780313279188.
  11. ↑ PhD, Dr Badal Kariye BA, BSIT, MA, MBA & (2010-07-23). The Kaleidoscopic Lover: The Civil War in the Horn of Africa & My Itinerary for a Peaceful Lover. Author House. p. 83. ISBN 9781452004648.
  12. ↑ ʻArabfaqīh, Shihāb al-Dīn Aḥmad ibn ʻAbd al-Qādir (2003-01-01). The conquest of Abyssinia: 16th century. Annotation: Dir, According to Huntingford a settlement which may be modern Dire Dawa. Tsehai Publishers & Distributors. p. 24.
  13. ↑ Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1995). The Invention of Somalia. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press Inc. p. 124. ISBN 978-0-932415-98-1.
  14. ↑ Lewis, Ioan. M. (1994). Blood and Bone: The Call of Kinship in Somali Society. Lawrenceville, NJ: The Red Sea Press Inc. p. 104. ISBN 978-0-932415-92-9.
  15. ↑ Lewis, I.M. (2008). Understanding Somali and Somaliland Society: Culture History and Society. Hurst. p. 4. ISBN 978-1-85065-898-6.
  16. ↑ Lewis, I. M. (1998-01-01). Saints and Somalis: Popular Islam in a Clan-based Society. The Red Sea Press. p. 99-Chapter 8. ISBN 9781569021033.
  17. ↑ Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1995-01-01). The Invention of Somalia. The Red Sea Press. p. 246. ISBN 9780932415998.
  18. ↑ Mukhtar, Mohamed Haji (2003-02-25). Historical Dictionary of Somalia. Scarecrow Press. p. 71. ISBN 9780810866041.
  19. ↑ Burton, Sir Richard Francis; Burton, Lady Isabel. The Works of Captain Sir Richard Francis Burton: First footsteps in East Africa. Tylston & Edwards. p. 74. where he married a daughter of the Hawiyah tribe: rival races declare him to have been a Galla slave
  20. ↑ Journal of the East Africa and Uganda Natural History Society. Longmans, Green. 1921-01-01. p. 54. was shipwrecked on the Somali coast where he married a Hawiyah woman
  21. ↑ Burton, Richard Francis (1856-01-01). First Footsteps in East Africa. Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans. p. 104. where he married a daughter of the Hawiyah tribe
  22. ↑ "THE GALLA IN NORTHERN SOMALILAND on JSTOR" (PDF). www.jstor.org. p. 29. Retrieved 2016-11-12.
  23. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Lewis, I. M. (1998-01-01). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. ISBN 9781569021057. At the end of the book "Tribal Distribution of Somali Afar and Saho"
  24. ↑ Africa Confidential. Miramoor Publications Limited. 1994-01-01. p. 17.
  25. ↑ Ahmed, Ali Jimale (1995-01-01). The Invention of Somalia. The Red Sea Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780932415998.
  26. ↑ Verdier, Isabelle (1997-05-31). Ethiopia: the top 100 people. Indigo Publications. p. 13. ISBN 9782905760128.
  27. ↑ Regional & Federal Studies Volume 24, Issue 5, 2014 Special Issue: Federalism and Decentralization in Sub-Saharan Africa Ethnic Decentralization and the Challenges of Inclusive Governance in Multiethnic Cities: The Case of Dire Dawa, Ethiopia
  28. ↑ I.M. Lewis, A Modern History of the Somali, fourth edition (Oxford: James Currey, 2002), p. 22
  29. ↑ "SDA (Gadabursi)" http://hrlibrary.umn.edu/ins/somala93.pdf
  30. ↑ 1. The Dir are a clan-family located essentially in N.W. Somalia, Djibouti, eastern Ethiopia. They are composed of four major clans, Isaq, Issa, Gadabursi and Bimal (or Biyomal) of which only the latter lives in southern Somalia (together with the smaller Gadsen). They rarely act as a united corporate political unit, except in the south where they are a minority. While I.M. Lewis treats the Isaq as a clanfamily at the level of Darod or Hawiye, most Somalis, including some Isaq I interviewed in Hargeisa, agree that they are genealogically part of Dir and that sheikh Isaq was a brother of Issa and (probably) of Samaron (Gadabursi). CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso March 2002 http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/4150/1/Clanship,%20conflict%20and%20refugees_An%20introduction%20to%20Somalis%20in%20the%20Horn%20of%20Africa.pdf
  31. ↑ Clan tables after page 64 CLANSHIP, CONFLICT AND REFUGEES: AN INTRODUCTION TO SOMALIS IN THE HORN OF AFRICA Guido Ambroso March 2002 http://dspace-roma3.caspur.it/bitstream/2307/4150/1/Clanship,%20conflict%20and%20refugees_An%20introduction%20to%20Somalis%20in%20the%20Horn%20of%20Africa.pdf
  32. ↑ Lewis, I. M. (1998-01-01). Peoples of the Horn of Africa: Somali, Afar and Saho. Red Sea Press. p. 25. ISBN 9781569021057.
  33. ↑ Protonotari, Francesco (1890-01-01). Nuova antologia (in Italian). Direzione della Nuova Antologia. p. 343.
  34. ↑ Hayward, R. J.; Lewis, I. M. (2005-08-17). Voice and Power. Routledge. p. 242. ISBN 9781135751753.
  35. ↑ The Quranyo section of the Garre claim descent from Dirr, who are born of the Irrir Samal. UNDP Paper in Keyna http://www.undp.org/content/dam/kenya/docs/Amani%20Papers/AP_Volume1_n2_May2010.pdf
  36. ↑ Page 19 Somaliland: The Strains of Success Crisis Group Africa Briefing N°113 Nairobi/Brussels, 5 October 2015 http://www.crisisgroup.org/~/media/Files/africa/horn-of-africa/somalia/b113-somaliland-the-strains-of-success.pdf
  37. ↑ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.55 Figure A-1
  38. ↑ Country Information and Policy Unit, Home Office, Great Britain, Somalia Assessment 2001, Annex B: Somali Clan Structure, p. 43
  39. ↑ Worldbank, Conflict in Somalia: Drivers and Dynamics, January 2005, Appendix 2, Lineage Charts, p.56 Figure A-2
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