Diffusion current

Diffusion current is a current in a semiconductor caused by the diffusion of charge carriers (holes and/or electrons). The drift current, by contrast, is due to the motion of charge carriers due to the force exerted on them by an electric field. Diffusion current can be in the same or opposite direction of a drift current. The diffusion current and drift current together are described by the drift–diffusion equation.^[1]

It is necessary to consider the diffusion current when describing many semiconductor devices. For example, the current near the depletion region of a p–n junction is dominated by the diffusion current. Inside the depletion region, both diffusion current and drift current are present. At equilibrium in a p–n junction, the forward diffusion current in the depletion region is balanced with a reverse drift current, so that the net current is zero.

The diffusion constant for a doped material can be determined with the Haynes–Shockley experiment. Alternatively, if the carrier mobility is known, the diffusion coefficient may be determined from the Einstein relation on electrical mobility.

Introduction

Diffusion current versus drift current

The following table compares the two forms of current:

Diffusion current	Drift current
Diffusion current may occur even if there isn't an electric field in the semiconductor.	Drift current requires an electric field to be present.
The magnitude of the diffusion current depends on the slope of the carrier concentration, and not the concentration itself.	The magnitude depends on the carrier concentration.
Direction of the diffusion current depends on the slope of the carrier concentration, and not the concentration itself.	Direction of the drift current is always in the direction of the electric field.
Does not obey Ohm's law	Obeys Ohm's law

Carrier actions

No external electric field across the semiconductor is required for a diffusion current to take place. This is because diffusion takes place due to the change in concentration of the carrier particles and not the concentrations themselves. The carrier particles, namely the holes and electrons of a semiconductor, move from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration. Hence, due to the flow of holes and electrons there is a current. This current is called the diffusion current. The drift current and the diffusion current make up the total current in the conductor. The change in the concentration of the carrier particles develops a gradient. Due to this gradient, an electric field is produced in the semiconductor.

Derivation

To derive the diffusion current in a semiconductor diode, the depletion layer must be large compared to the mean free path. One begins with the equation for the net current density J in a semiconductor diode,

$J = q n \mu E + q D\frac{dn}{dx}$

(1)

where D is the diffusion coefficient for the electron in the considered medium, n is the number of electrons per unit volume (i.e. number density), q is the charge of one electron, μ is electron mobility in the medium, and E = −dΦ/dx (Φ potential difference) is the electric field as the potential gradient of the electric potential. We know that D=µ*V_t with V_t=k*T/q (Einstein relation on electrical mobility). Thus, substituting E for the potential gradient in the above equation (1) and multiplying both sides with exp(−Φ/V_t), (1) becomes:

$J e^{-\Phi / V_t} = q D\left(\frac{-n}{V_t}*\frac{d\Phi}{dx} + \frac{dn}{dx}\right)e^{-\Phi / V_t} = q D \frac{d}{dx}(n e^{-\Phi / V_t})$

(2)

Integrating equation (2) over the depletion region gives

J = \frac{q D n e^{-\Phi / V_t}\big|_0^{x_d}}{\int_0^{x_d} e^{-\Phi / V_t}dx}

which can be written as

$J = \frac{ q D N_c e^{-\Phi_B/ V_t}\left[e^{V_a/ V_t} - 1\right]}{\int_0^{x_d} e^{-\Phi^*/ V_t} dx}$

(3)

where

\Phi^* = \Phi_B + \Phi_i - V_a

The denominator in equation (3) can be solved by using the following equation:

\Phi = - \frac{q N_d}{2E_s (x - x_d)^2}

Therefore, Φ* can be written as:

$\Phi^* = \frac{q N_d x}{E_s} \left(x_d - \frac{x}{2}\right) = (\Phi_i - V_a)\frac{x}{x_d}$

(4)

Since the x << x_d the term (x_d − x/2) ≈ x_d, using this approximation equation (3) is solved as follows:

\int_0^{x_d} e^{-\Phi^* / V_t}dx = x_d \frac{\Phi_i - V_a}{V_t}

since (Φ_i − V_a) > V_t. One obtains the equation of current caused due to diffusion:

$J = \frac{q_2 D N_c}{V_t} \left[\frac{2q}{E_s}( \Phi_i - V_a) N_d\right]^{1/2} e^{-\Phi_B / V_t}(e^{V_a / V_t} - 1)$

(5)

From equation (5), one can observe that the current depends exponentially on the input voltage V_a, also the barrier height Φ_B. From equation (5), V_a can be written as the function of electric field intensity, which is as follows:

$E_\mathrm{max} = \left[\frac{2q}{E_s} (\Phi_i - V_a) N_d\right]^{1/2}$

(6)

Substituting equation (6) in equation (5) gives:

$J = q \mu E_\mathrm{max} N_c e^{-\Phi_B / V_t}(e^{V_a/V_t} - 1)$

(7)

From equation (7), one can observe that when a zero voltage is applied to the semi-conductor diode, the drift current totally balances the diffusion current. Hence, the net current in a semiconductor diode at zero potential is always zero.

As carriers are generated (green:electrons and purple:holes) due to light shining at the center of an intrinsic semiconductor, they diffuse towards two ends. Electrons have higher diffusion constant than holes leading to fewer excess electrons at the center as compared to holes.

Example

The equation above can be applied to model semiconductor devices. When the density of electrons is not in equilibrium, diffusion of electrons will occur. For example, when a bias is applied to two ends of a chunk of semiconductor, or a light is shining in one place (see right figure), electron will diffuse from high density regions (center) to low density regions (two ends), forming a gradient of electron density. This process generates diffusion current.

References

↑ McGraw Hill Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), C.B. Parker, 1994, ISBN 0-07-051400-3

Encyclopaedia of Physics (2nd Edition), R.G. Lerner, G.L. Trigg, VHC publishers, 1991, ISBN (Verlagsgesellschaft) 3-527-26954-1, ISBN (VHC Inc.) 0-89573-752-3
Concepts of Modern Physics (4th Edition), A. Beiser, Physics, McGraw-Hill (International), 1987, ISBN 0-07-100144-1
Solid State Physics (2nd Edition), J.R. Hook, H.E. Hall, Manchester Physics Series, John Wiley & Sons, 2010, ISBN 978 0 471 92804 1
Ben G. Streetman, Santay Kumar Banerjee; Solid State Electronic Devices (6th Edition), Pearson International Edition; pp. 126–135.
"Differences between diffusion current". Diffusion. Retrieved 10 September 2011.
"Carrier Actions of Diffusion Current". Diffusion. Retrieved 11 October 2011.
"derivation of difussion current". Retrieved 15 October 2011.

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