Diaochan
| Diaochan | |
|---|---|
|
A portrait of Diaochan from a Qing dynasty edition of Romance of the Three Kingdoms | |
| Names | |
| Traditional Chinese | 貂蟬 |
| Simplified Chinese | 貂蝉 |
| Pinyin | Diāochán |
| Wade–Giles | Tiao1-ch'an2 |
Diaochan was one of the Four Beauties of ancient China. Unlike the other three beauties, however, there is no known evidence suggesting her existence; Although she is mostly a fictional character, it was mentioned in Chinese historical records that Lü Bu had a secret affair with one of Dong Zhuo's maids and was constantly afraid of being discovered, and this was one of the reasons why Lü killed Dong in 192. The maid's name was not recorded in history.[1] Diaochan is best known for her role in Luo Guanzhong's historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, which romanticises the events in the late Eastern Han dynasty and the Three Kingdoms period. In the novel, she had a romance with the warrior Lü Bu and caused Lü to betray and kill his foster father, the tyrannical warlord Dong Zhuo. The name "Diaochan", which literally means "sable cicada", is believed to have been derived from the sable tails and jade decorations in the shape of cicadas which adorned the hats of high-ranking officials in the Eastern Han dynasty.
In Romance of the Three Kingdoms
Depiction of Diaochan in the artwork at the Long Corridor, Forbidden City.
In the historical novel Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Diaochan assists the official Wang Yun in a plot to persuade Lü Bu to kill his foster father, the tyrannical warlord Dong Zhuo. Wang Yun presents her to Dong Zhuo as a concubine, but also betrothes her to Lü Bu at the same time. Diaochan uses her beauty to turn Dong Zhuo and Lü Bu against each other by inciting jealousy between them.
While Dong Zhuo is out one day, Lü Bu sneaks into his bedroom in the hope of seeing Diaochan. Diaochan pretends to be very upset and attempts suicide by throwing herself into the pond, saying that she is ashamed to see Lü Bu because she had been violated by Dong Zhuo. Lü Bu is heartbroken and promises that he will not let her suffer further at the hands of Dong Zhuo. Just then, Dong Zhuo returns and sees them embracing each other. As Lü Bu flees, Dong Zhuo chases him and hurls a spear at him, but misses. On the way, Dong Zhuo meets his advisor, Li Ru, who suggests to him to let Lü Bu have Diaochan, so as to win Lü's trust. Dong Zhuo goes back to Diaochan later and accuses her of betraying his love, saying that he intends to present her to Lü Bu. Diaochan replies indignantly that Lü Bu embraced her against her will and attempts suicide to "prove her love" for Dong Zhuo. Dong Zhuo is moved and dismisses the idea of relinquishing her.
Lü Bu is outraged and goes to Wang Yun's house to vent his frustration. Wang then seizes the opportunity to instigate Lü Bu into joining the plot to kill Dong Zhuo. Lü Bu kills Dong Zhuo when the latter shows up at a ceremony for Emperor Xian to abdicate the throne to him; the ceremony is actually a trap set by Wang Yun and Lü Bu. After Dong Zhuo's death, Dong's former followers, led by Li Jue and Guo Si, attack Chang'an (the Han capital city) to avenge their lord. Lü Bu is defeated in battle and forced to flee.
Diaochan's eventual fate differs in various accounts: some said that she is killed by Dong Zhuo's followers, along with Wang Yun, after Lü Bu escapes; others claim that she follows Lü Bu while he roams around with his forces. In some adaptations of the novel, Diaochan is executed along with Lü Bu after Lü's defeat at the Battle of Xiapi.
In folk tales
In one folk tale, Diaochan is captured by Cao Cao after the Battle of Xiapi. Cao Cao presents her to Guan Yu in the hope of winning Guan's loyalty. Guan Yu, however, suspects that he is being tricked when he recalls how Diaochan had betrayed Lü Bu and Dong Zhuo. He kills her to prevent her from doing further harm. In another tale, Liu Bei, Guan Yu and Zhang Fei all want to marry Diaochan, and they argue bitterly over the issue. Guan Yu kills her to end the dispute.
In the Yuan dynasty play Lianhuan Ji (連環計), Diaochan is said to be the daughter of Ren Ang (任昂), and her real name is Ren Hongchang (任紅昌). She is in charge of taking care of the Sable Cicada Hat (貂蟬冠), so she becomes known as "Diaochan" (lit. "sable cicada"). She is introduced to Guan Yu by Zhang Fei after Lü Bu's death. Instead of accepting her as the spoils of war, Guan Yu decapitates her with his sword. This event is not mentioned in historical records or the Romance of the Three Kingdoms, but is propagated through mass media such as operas and storytelling.[2]
Modern references
Diaochan appears a playable character in Koei's Dynasty Warriors and Warriors Orochi video game series. She also appears in the manga series Souten Kouro. In the card game Magic: The Gathering, there is a Legendary Creature card called "Diaochan, Artful Beauty".[3]
Notable actresses who have portrayed Diaochan in films and television series include: Violet Koo, in Diao Chan (1938); Lin Dai, in Diao Chan (1958);[4] Chen Hong, in Romance of the Three Kingdoms (1994); Irene Chiu, in Guan Gong (1996); Chen Hao, in Three Kingdoms (2010).
See also
References
 |
Wikimedia Commons has media related to: |
- ↑ (卓常使布守中閤，布與卓侍婢私通，恐事發覺，心不自安。) Sanguozhi vol. 7.
- ↑ Louie, Kam (2002). Theorising Chinese Masculinity: Society and Gender in China. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-80621-3. OCLC 49907231.
- ↑ http://gatherer.wizards.com/Pages/Card/Details.aspx?multiverseid=10544
- ↑ http://hksan.net/smsifc/lindaiweb/DC_E.html
Books
- Luo Guanzhong. Romance of the Three Kingdoms, Chapters 10-11.
- Hua Gu (1996). Virgin Widows. Trans. Howard Goldblatt. Honolulu: University of Hawaii Press. pp. 104, 105. ISBN 978-0-8248-1770-1. OCLC 33407434.
- Harris, Rachel (2004). Singing the village: music, memory, and ritual among the Sibe of Xinjiang. Oxford, New York: British Academy by Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-726297-9. OCLC 56539097.
- Off, Greg (2005). Dynasty Warriors 5: Prima Official Game Guide. Roseville: Prima Games. ISBN 978-0-7615-5141-6. OCLC 62162042.