Degeneration (Nordau)

Fin de siècle
History 19th century 1880s 1890s Creation of eugenics New Imperialism Second Industrial Revolution Psychoanalysis theory developed Dreyfus Affair
Themes Aestheticism Antipositivism Art Nouveau Atheism Avant-garde Bohemianism Counterculture Crowd psychology Decadence Degeneration Effeminacy Eugenics Existentialism Expressionism Free will Irrationalism Nationalism New Imperialism Pessimism Psychoanalysis Racialism Social Darwinism Spirituality Symbolism (arts) Übermensch Will to power
Art and literature The Antichrist The Brothers Karamazov Degeneration Inquiries into Human Faculty and Its Development The Crowd: A Study of the Popular Mind Reflections on Violence Salomé The Scream Studies in Hysteria Thus Spoke Zarathustra
People Gabriele D'Annunzio Aubrey Beardsley Gustave Le Bon Fyodor Dostoyevsky Sigmund Freud Francis Galton Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec Edvard Munch Friedrich Nietzsche Max Nordau Georges Sorel Oscar Wilde
Post-fin de siècle influence Dada Fascism Futurism Punk Surrealism Syndicalism
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Degeneration (Entartung, 1892), is a book by Max Nordau in which he attacks what he believed to be degenerate art and comments on the effects of a range of social phenomena of the period, such as rapid urbanization and its perceived effects on the human body.

Summary

Nordau begins his work with a "medical" and social interpretation of what has created this Degeneration in society. Nordau divides his study into five books. In the first book, Nordau identifies the phenomenon of fin de siècle in Europe. He sees this as first being recognised, though not originating, in France, describing this phenomenon as "a contempt for the traditional views of custom and morality". He sees it as a sort of decadence, a world-weariness, and the wilful rejection of the moral boundaries governing the world. He uses examples from French periodicals and books in French to show how it has affected all elements of society. Nordau accuses also society of becoming more and more inclined to imitate what they see in art. He sees in the fashionable society of Paris and London that "[e]very single figure strives visibly by some singularity in outline, set, cut or colour, to startle attention violently, and imperiously to detain it. Each one wishes to create a strong nervous excitement, no matter whether agreeably or disagreeably".

Nordau establishes the cultural phenomenon of fin de siècle in the opening pages, but he quickly moves to the viewpoint of a physician and identifies what he sees as an illness:

In the fin-de-siècle disposition, in the tendencies of contemporary art and poetry, in the life and conduct of men who write mystic, symbolic and 'decadent' works and the attitude taken by their admirers in the tastes and aesthetic instincts of fashionable society, the confluence of two well-defined conditions of disease, with which he [the physician] is quite familiar, viz. degeneration and hysteria, of which the minor stages are designated as neurasthenia.

The book deals with numerous case studies of various artists, writers and thinkers (Oscar Wilde, Henrik Ibsen, Richard Wagner and Friedrich Nietzsche to name a few), but its basic premise remains that society and human beings themselves are degenerating, and this degeneration is both reflected in and influenced by art. Hannah Arendt, in her book The Origins of Totalitarianism, refers to late 19th Century French society as embracing unusual or exotic types or individuals, such as criminals, Gypsies and Turks, and certain others formerly not seen as socially acceptable, so Nordau's position is not novel or isolated as social criticism.

The original article's text comports quite closely to Howard Fertig, NY 1960.^[1] During the time of Nordau's writing, physical, physiognomic, or mechanical factors were still being regarded as causative in mental aberrations and malfunctions. The symbolic or mythic approached later implemented by Freud and Jung made no part of Nordau's understanding of the human psyche.

The Politics of Degeneration

Nordau did not himself coin the expression or the idea of Entartung; it had been steadily growing in use in German speaking countries during the 19th Century. The book reflects views on a degenerating society held by many people in Europe at the time, especially throughout the Austro-Hungarian Empire. By the early 20th century, the idea that society was degenerating, and that this degeneration was influenced by art, led to somewhat hysterical backlashes, as evidenced by the conviction of Austrian artist Egon Schiele for "distributing pornography to minors".

This was given legitimacy by the branch of medicine called psycho-physiognomy. Degeneration was accepted as a serious medical term. Not until Sigmund Freud, and the ushering in of a new age of psychoanalysis, was this idea seriously contested. Sigmund Freud remarked rather drily in his 1905 work Three Essays on the Theory of Sexuality, "It may well be asked whether an attribution of 'degeneracy' is of any value or adds anything to our knowledge."

Although Nordau's work certainly reflects a reactionary strain of European thought, he also condemns the rising antisemitism of the late 19th Century as a product of degeneration. At the time of his writing, Europe was undergoing unprecedented technological progress and social upheaval. The rapid industrialisation and accompanying urbanisation were breaking down many of the traditional structures of society.

Nordau's views were in many ways more like those of an 18th Century thinker, a belief in Reason, Progress, and more traditional, classical rules governing art and literature. The irrationalism and amorality of philosophers such as Friedrich Nietzsche, and the flagrant antisemitism of Richard Wagner, was seen as proof to Nordau that society was in danger of returning to an era before the Enlightenment.

References