Defective pixel

Defective pixels are pixels on a liquid crystal display (LCD) that are not performing as expected. The ISO standard ISO 13406-2 distinguishes between three different types of defective pixels,[1][2] while hardware companies tend to have further distinguishing types.[3]

A photograph taken with a damaged image sensor

Similar defects can also occur in a charge-coupled device (CCD) or CMOS image sensor in digital cameras. In these devices, defective pixels fail to sense light levels correctly, whereas defective pixels in LCDs fail to reproduce light levels correctly.

Variations

Dark dot defects

A dark dot defect is usually caused by a transistor in the transparent electrode layer that is stuck "on" for TN panels or "off" for MVA/PVA and IPS panels. In that state, the transistor places the liquid crystal material in such a way that no light ever passes through to the RGB layer of the display.

Bright dot defects

Hundreds of hot pixels appear in a 32-minute long exposure photograph taken in virtual darkness. Note: Must be viewed at full size.

A bright dot defect[3] is a group of three sub-pixels (one pixel) all of whose transistors are "off" for TN panels or stuck "on" for MVA/PVA panels. This allows all light to pass through to the RGB layer, creating a bright white pixel that is always on. This is commonly known as a "hot pixel".

Partial sub-pixel defects

A partial sub-pixel defect[3] is a manufacturing defect in which the RGB film layer was not cut properly.

Tape automated bonding (TAB) faults

A TAB fault[3] is caused by a connection failure from the TAB that connects the transparent electrode layers to the video driver board of an LCD.

TAB is one of several methods employed in the LCD-manufacturing process to electrically connect hundreds of signal paths going to the rows and columns of electrodes in layer 6 (the transparent electrode layer) in the LCD to the video ICs on the driver board that drives these electrodes.

If an LCD is subjected to physical shock, this could cause one or more TAB connections to fail inside the display. This failure is often caused by horizontally flexing the chassis (e.g., while wall-mounting or transporting a display face up/down) or simple failure of the adhesive holding the TAB against the glass. TAB faults require replacement of the LCD module itself. If these connections were to fail, the effect would be that an entire row or column of pixels would fail to activate. This causes a horizontal or vertical black line to appear on the display while the rest of the display would appear normal. The horizontal failure runs from edge-to-edge; the vertical failure runs from top-to-bottom.

Cold start

Commonly called a cold start fault, another type of TAB failure shows up when the display has been turned off long enough for the LCD to cool down or shrink enough so the bond is in open circuit. This fault is often seen as a ghosting double, or triple, image on one side of the display, with shadowing or dulling of the other part of the screen. A common test for this problem is to use a 50% and a 75% grey test signal. The fault often disappears as the LCD sheet heats up and expands into the frame; flexing the TV when this is happening will immediately reveal if this is a TAB fault. Cold start TAB faults tend to get worse, as the regular heating and cooling of the bond, from powering the display on and off, causes further cracking.

Hardware manufacturers and distributors tend to claim that TAB faults, as opposed to other physical defects that may be found in an LCD, do not allow for repair.[3]

Stuck sub-pixels

A stuck sub-pixel[3] is a pixel that is always "on". This is usually caused by a transistor that is not getting any power, and is therefore continuously allowing light at that point to pass through to the RGB layer. This means that any given pixel will stay red, blue, or green, and will not change when attempting to display an image. These pixels may only show up using certain applications, or they may be on all of the time.

Stuck versus dead pixels

Stuck pixels are often incorrectly referred to as "dead pixels", which have a similar appearance. In a dead pixel, all three sub-pixels are permanently off, producing a pixel which is permanently black. Dead pixels can result from similar manufacturing anomalies as stuck pixels, but may also occur from a non-functioning transistor resulting in complete lack of power to the pixel. Dead pixels are much less likely to correct themselves over time or be repaired through any of several popular methods.

Stuck pixels, unlike dead pixels, have been reported by LCD screen owners to disappear, and there are several popular methods purported to fix them,[4] such as gently rubbing the screen (in an attempt to reset the pixel), cycling the color value of the stuck pixel rapidly (in other words, flashing bright colors on the screen), or simply tolerating the stuck pixel until it disappears (which can take anywhere from a day to years). While these methods can work on some stuck pixels others cannot be fixed by the above methods. Also, some stuck pixels will reappear after being fixed if the screen is left off for several hours.

Manufacturer policy

In LCD manufacture, it is common for a display to be manufactured that has a number of sub-pixel defects (each pixel is composed of three primary-colored sub-pixels). The number of faulty pixels tolerated, before a screen is rejected, is dependent on the class that the manufacturer has given the display (although officially described by the ISO 13406-2 standard, not all manufacturers interpret this standard the same way, or follow it at all).

Some manufacturers have a zero-tolerance policy with regard to LCD screens, rejecting all units found to have any number of (sub-)pixel defects. Displays meeting this standard are deemed Class I. Other manufacturers reject displays according to the number of total defects, the number of defects in a given group (e.g., 1 dead pixel or 3 stuck sub-pixels in a 5×5 pixel area), or other criteria.

In some cases, a manufacturer sends all screens to sale, and then replaces the screen if the customer reports the unit as faulty, and the defective pixels meet their minimum requirements for return.[1] Some screens come with a leaflet stating how many dead pixels they are allowed to have before the owner can send them back to the manufacturer. Dead pixels may tend to occur in clusters; in most cases, displays with such a cluster problem can be sent back to the manufacturer.

As of 2015, dead pixels are becoming less of a concern, as the manufacturing process for LCD displays have improved to the point where dead pixels are now quite rare.

See also

References

  1. 1 2 Alzieu, Vincent (22 May 2007). "A look into dead pixels". www.behardware.com. Archived from the original on 27 February 2015. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  2. ↑ About article discussing pixel defects
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Apple Technician Training
  4. ↑ WikiHow article: how to fix stuck pixels

External links

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