David Hackworth

David Hackworth
Hackworth in Zagreb, Croatia, December 1995
Nickname(s)	"Hack"
Born	(1930-11-11)November 11, 1930 California, United States
Died	4 May 2005(2005-05-04) (aged 74) Tijuana, Mexico
Buried at	Arlington National Cemetery
Allegiance	United States of America
Service/branch	United States Army
Years of service	1945–1971
Rank	Colonel
Unit	88th Infantry Division 25th Infantry Division 40th Infantry Division 101st Airborne Division 9th Infantry Division
Commands held	Tiger Force 4th Battalion, 39th Infantry Regiment
Battles/wars	World War II Korean War Vietnam War
Awards	Distinguished Service Cross (2) Silver Star (10) Legion of Merit (4) Distinguished Flying Cross Bronze Star Medal (8) with "V" Purple Heart (8) Air Medal (34)
Other work	Author, journalist and restaurateur

Colonel David Haskell Hackworth (November 11, 1930 – May 4, 2005), also known as "Hack," was an American Korean War and Vietnam War veteran who received many combat decorations for heroism in both wars. Hackworth is known for his role in the creation and command of Tiger Force, a military unit formed during the Vietnam War to apply guerrilla warfare tactics to the fight against Vietcong guerrilla fighters.

He was also a prominent military journalist. During his time as a journalist, Hackworth investigated many subjects, including a 1996 assertion into the accused improper wearing of two unauthorized ribbon devices to denote valor on two of Admiral Mike Boorda's uniform service ribbons. Boorda committed suicide during Hackworth's investigation.

Early life and entrance into the military

Hackworth joined the U.S. Merchant Marine at age 14, towards the end of World War II, when teenagers routinely entered the armed services before their 18th birthday by lying about their age. After the war, he lied again to enlist in the United States Army. He was assigned as a rifleman to the 351st Infantry Regiment, 88th Infantry Division, and stationed on occupation duty in Trieste. His unit, part of Trieste United States Troops (TRUST), at times served under British command, and his duty as a private gave him many of the lessons that he would later draw on as a non-commissioned officer and a commissioned officer, including his belief that U.S. units should never be placed under operational control of foreign militaries. It was under Sergeant Steve Prazenka that Hackworth learned the value of hard training and the quest for perfection. In the Korean War he became a sergeant, volunteering again to serve.^[1]

Hackworth fought in Korea with the 25th Reconnaissance Company and the 27th Infantry (Wolfhound) Regiment of the 25th Infantry Division. He gained a battlefield commission as a lieutenant and was awarded several medals for heroism and three Purple Hearts. After a successful raid on Hill 1062 and battlefield promotion to first lieutenant, the commander of the 27th Infantry Regiment offered Hackworth command of a new volunteer raider unit. Hackworth created the 27th Wolfhound Raiders and led them from August to November 1951. He subsequently volunteered for a second tour in Korea, this time with the 40th Infantry Division. Hackworth was promoted to the rank of captain.^[1]

Demobilized after the Armistice Agreement in Korea, Hackworth became bored with civilian life after two years of college and reentered the U.S. Army in 1956 as a captain.

Interwar service

When Hackworth returned to active duty, the expanding "Cold War" substantially changed the structure of the Army from what he had known. Initially posted to 77th Antiaircraft Artillery Battalion in Manhattan Beach, California, Hackworth was eventually assigned to Germany, initially in staff roles but returning to infantry in the early 1960s as an Infantry company commander under Colonel Glover S. Johns, and learned a great deal of the skills that were needed to be an effective officer from this veteran. He was involved in a number of fire drills around the Berlin Crisis of 1961, and his exploits at the time were rivaled only by the loyalty of his troops and the growth in his leadership skills and style. He recounted his experiences with the Russian guard and his views on military history in his book About Face.

After attending college in several locations, in 1964 Hackworth graduated from Austin Peay State University with a bachelor of science degree in history, after which he attended the Command and General Staff College.^[2][3]

Vietnam service

When President Kennedy announced that a large advisory team was being sent to South Vietnam, Hackworth immediately volunteered for service. His request was denied, on the grounds that he had too much combat experience for the mission.^[4]

In 1965, he deployed to Vietnam as a major. He served as an operations officer and battalion commander in the 101st Airborne Division. In November 1965 he founded the platoon-sized unit Tiger Force to "outguerrilla the guerrillas".^[5] Tiger Force (Recon) Initially Tiger Force was a highly decorated small unit in Vietnam which suffered heavy casualties^[6] and was awarded the Presidential Unit Citation. However, after Hackworth was promoted out of Vietnam the unit began a string of atrocities and war crimes, with U.S. Army investigative records and interviews by The Toledo Blade estimating the unit eventually killed hundreds of non-combatants.^[7] Hackworth has stated he did not know about the atrocities and does not know what caused the unit to spiral out of control.^[7]

Hackworth quickly developed a reputation as an eccentric but effective soldier, becoming a public figure in several books authored by General S. L. A. "Slam" Marshall. Following a stateside tour at the Pentagon and promotion to lieutenant colonel, Hackworth co-wrote "The Vietnam Primer" with Marshall after returning to Vietnam in the winter of 1966–67 on an army-sponsored tour with the famous historian and commentator. The book advised counter-insurgency fighters to adopt some of the guerrilla tactics used by Mao Zedong, Che Guevara and Ho Chi Minh. Hackworth described the strategy as "out-G-ing the G." His personal and professional relationship with Marshall soured as Hackworth became suspicious of his methods and motivation.^[8]

However, both his assignment with "Slam" Marshall and his time on staff duty at the Pentagon soured Hackworth on the Vietnam War. One aspect of the latter required him to publicly defend the U.S. position on the war in a speaking tour. Even with his reservations concerning the conflict, he refused to resign, feeling it was his duty as a field grade officer to wage the campaign as best he could.

Fire Support Base Danger, Dinh Tuong Province, March 1969. This Fire Support Base was the 4/39th Infantry Battalion headquarters when Hackworth took command of that unit.

Hackworth was assigned to a training battalion at Fort Lewis, Washington, and then returned to Vietnam to lead elements of the 9th Infantry Division, turning his theories about guerrilla warfare and how to counter it into practice with the 4/39 Infantry in the Mekong Delta, an under performing unit made up largely of conscripts which Hackworth transformed into the counter-insurgent "Hardcore" Battalion (Recondo) from January to late May 1969.

Hackworth next served as a senior military adviser to the South Vietnamese. His view that the U.S. Army was not learning from its mistakes, and that South Vietnamese ARVN officers were essentially corrupt, created friction with army leadership.

In early 1971, Hackworth was promoted to the rank of colonel, and received orders to attend the Army War College, an indication that he was being groomed for the general officer ranks. He had declined a previous opportunity to go to the War College, and turned down this one as well, indicating his lack of interest in becoming a general and demonstrating his discontent with the war and the Army's leaders.

Hackworth's dissatisfaction ultimately culminated in a television interview with ABC. On June 27, 1971 he appeared on the program Issues and Answers and strongly criticized U.S. commanders in Vietnam, said the war could not be won and called for U.S. withdrawal. The interview enraged senior U.S. Army officers at the Pentagon. He soon found himself ostracized in the defense establishment.

He subsequently retired as a colonel. Senior Army leaders investigated Hackworth, who avoided them for several weeks. He was nearly court-martialed for various allegations during his Vietnam service, such as running a brothel, running gambling houses, and exploiting his position for personal profit by manipulating the scrip in which soldiers were paid and the limited U.S. currency available in the war zone. Ultimately, Secretary of the Army Robert Froehlke opted not to press charges, deciding that Hackworth's career accomplishments outweighed his supposed misdeeds, and that prosecuting an outspoken war hero would result in unneeded bad publicity for the Army.^[9]

At about the time he retired, Hackworth was divorced. In an effort to rebuild his life, Hackworth moved to Australia.

Hackworth, the businessman

Settling on the Australian Gold Coast near Brisbane, Hackworth soon made a fortune through profitable real estate investing, a lucrative duck farm, and a popular restaurant called Scaramouche. He was also active in the Australian anti-nuclear movement.

Hackworth, the journalist

Hackworth returned to the U.S. in the mid-1980s and began working as a contributing editor on defense issues for Newsweek. He also made regular television appearances to discuss various military-related topics, and the shortcomings of the military. His commentary on the psychological effects of post-traumatic stress disorder, based on his own experiences in overcoming it, resonated with disabled veterans.

In the mid-1990s, Hackworth investigated Admiral Jeremy Michael Boorda, then Chief of Naval Operations. Hackworth, through his Newsweek articles, questioned Boorda's longtime wearing of two bronze valor devices (to denote valor or direct combat participation with the enemy) on his Navy Commendation Medal and Navy Achievement Medal service ribbons, generating much controversy. Boorda committed suicide before he could be interviewed by Hackworth, who had received at least one Army Commendation Medal and other decorations with the "V" Device from the U.S. Army (in the Army the "V" device denotes valor only) in the Vietnam War. The Navy determined afterwards that the two Combat Distinguishing Devices (Combat "V"'s) that Boorda had worn on two of his uniform service ribbons since the Vietnam War and until almost a year before Hackworth's and Newsweek's intervention were both unauthorized despite the fact Boorda (and others on the destroyer) had been given verbal authorization for the devices by Admiral Elmo Zumwalt during the war.

Hackworth's last assignment in a combat/conflict zone was with Newsweek during the initial deployment of US forces into Bosnia & Herzegovina in February 1996. Hackworth joined 3-5 CAV of the 1st Brigade, 1st Armored Division near the disputed village of Brcko. Hackworth interviewed a number of officers and enlisted soldiers, reinforcing his historical tenure as a seasoned combat veteran of previous wars and as a well known and respected journalist.

Hackworth appeared on countless televisions and radio talk shows and formed his own website, Soldiers for the Truth, continuing to be the self-proclaimed voice of the "grunts" (ground troops) until his death.

King Features Syndicate distributed Hackworth's weekly column "Defending America." Many of his columns discussed the War on Terrorism and the Iraq War and were concerned with the policies of the American leadership in conducting the wars, as well as the conditions of the soldiers serving. Hackworth continued the column until his death from bladder cancer in May 2005. Associates believe that his cancer was caused by exposure to Agent Blue^[10] (a defoliant used in Vietnam), and are lobbying the United States government to have the substance labelled a known carcinogen like the more famous Agent Orange.

Hackworth died on May 4, 2005 at the age of 74 in Tijuana, Mexico. He is survived by his wife, Eilhys England, a step-daughter, and four children from his two previous marriages. His remains were interred at Arlington National Cemetery.

Controversy

In response to Hackworth's investigation of Admiral Boorda, CNN and the CBS Evening News with Dan Rather questioned the accuracy of Hackworth's own military decorations.^[11][12] In particular, the reports accused Hackworth of claiming a Ranger Tab to which he was not entitled and an extra Distinguished Flying Cross on his website. Hackworth threatened to sue CBS and requested a formal audit of his military records. In response to the military audit, the Executive Producer of CBS News sent a letter to Hackworth that stated:^[13]

The Army's audit of its records has determined that the Army made an administrative error back in 1988, when it reissued your medals and awards. Along with numerous other decorations, the Army mistakenly issued you a Ranger Tab and two Oak Leaf Clusters for your Distinguished Flying Cross. The Army has thus verified what we reported as your explanation of the matter.

As far as we are concerned, the Army audit makes clear that you did not at any time wear or claim any military honor not actually issued by the U.S. Army, based on its official records, including the service record you signed and dated. At the same time, CBS continues to believe that our reports did not state or imply that you knowingly wore or claimed decorations not issued by the U.S. Army and that any such inference drawn from the reports would be mistaken.

Similarly, we do not believe our reports in any way equated your conduct with that of the late Admiral Boorda's. Indeed, as we believe we made clear in our reports, by all accounts you are a man who has shown extraordinary heroism in your service to our country, and has deservedly been awarded many of the nation's most coveted awards for valor.

In 2002, Hackworth was asked about the controversy in an interview with Proceedings. In the interview he stated:^[14]

I had served in the 8th Ranger Company; later I served in the 27th Raiders of the 25th Infantry Division. On the Raiders' tenth mission, the regimental commander awarded every trooper the Ranger Tab. When all this fell out after the Boorda story, I immediately had my records audited. And they reflected that I was awarded the Ranger Tab. It was on my official records; it's not something I claimed falsely.

Let me tell you how the regulation reads now. To rate a Ranger Tab, you had to have been awarded the Combat Infantry Badge (CIB) while a member of the 8th Ranger Company. But I got my CIB with Company G, 27th Infantry Regiment. Thus, the 1951 award of the tab did not meet the 1980s criteria. I take all the blame.

All the guys in the 27th Raiders got the Ranger Tab, but they were not Rangers. When the Boorda story exploded, people were looking for chinks in my armor. So I'm a defrocked Ranger. As it turned out, though, in the Army's vetting of my record, they found I had ten Silver Stars, not nine.

Military decorations and awards

Hackworth earned over 90 U.S. and foreign military awards, including 2 Distinguished Service Crosses, 10 Silver Stars, 8 Bronze Stars, 8 Purple Hearts, and 34 Air Medals. He was proudest of his Combat Infantryman Badge (and eight Purple Heart awards), which after retirement from the military he frequently wore on the lapel of his civilian sport jackets.

Hackworth's military awards include:

U.S. Individual Decorations
	Distinguished Service Cross w/ one oak leaf cluster[15]
	Silver Star w/ one silver and three oak leaf clusters / Silver Star[15]
	Legion of Merit w/ three oak leaf clusters[15]
	Distinguished Flying Cross[15]
	Bronze Star w/ "V" Device and seven oak leaf clusters (seven awards for heroism)[15]
	Purple Heart w/ seven oak leaf clusters[15]
	Air Medal w/ "V" Device and award numeral 34 (1 award for heroism and 33 awards for aerial achievement)[15]
	Army Commendation Medal w/ "V" Device and three oak leaf clusters[15]
U.S. Good Conduct Medal and Service Medals
	Good Conduct Medal[15]
	World War II Victory Medal[15]
	Army of Occupation Medal w/ Germany and Japan clasps[15]
	National Defense Service Medal w/ one  3⁄16" bronze star[15]
	Korean Service Medal w/ one  3⁄16" silver star and three  3⁄16" bronze stars[15]
	Armed Forces Expeditionary Medal[15]
	Vietnam Service Medal w/ two  3⁄16" silver stars[15]
	Armed Forces Reserve Medal[15]
Merchant Marine Service Medals, World War II
	Merchant Marine Pacific War Zone Medal[15]
	Merchant Marine World War II Victory Medal[15]
Foreign Individual Decorations
	Vietnam Army Distinguished Service Order, 2nd Class[15]
	Vietnam Cross of Gallantry w/ two  5⁄16" gold stars and two  5⁄16" silver stars[15]
	Vietnam Armed Forces Honor Medal (1st Class)[15]
	Vietnam Staff Service Medal (1st Class)[15]
Foreign Service Medals
	United Nations Service Medal (Korea)[15]
	Republic of Vietnam Campaign Medal w/ 1960- device[15]
	Republic of Korea War Service Medal

U.S. Unit Awards
	Presidential Unit Citation (Army)[15]
	Valorous Unit Award[15]
	Meritorious Unit Commendation[15]
Foreign Unit Awards
	Republic of Korea Presidential Unit Citation[15]
	Republic of Vietnam Presidential Unit Citation[15]
	Republic of Vietnam Gallantry Cross Unit Citation (three awards)[15]
	Republic of Vietnam Civil Actions Medal Unit Citation[15]

U.S. Badges, Patches and Tabs
	Combat Infantryman Badge w/ one silver star (2 awards)[15]
	Master Parachutist Badge (United States)[15]
	Army Staff Identification Badge[15]
Foreign badges
	Vietnam Master Parachutist Badge[15]

Works

Hackworth was also a founder of Soldiers for the Truth, an advocacy group focused on military reform, both in terms of capability and treatment of personnel.

See also

• List of Korean War veterans who are recipients of the Bronze Star

References

Sources

• Carson, Michael (May 8, 2005). "David Hackworth (Obituary)". The Guardian. 
• Holley, Joe (May 6, 2005). "David Hackworth Dies; Esteemed Army Colonel Defied Military Brass". Washington Post. p. B07. Retrieved February 1, 2009. 
• Smith, W. Thomas, Jr. (May 12, 2005). "David Hackworth: Unforgettable Soldier". Seattle Post-Intelligencer. 

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to David Hackworth.

• Stand for the Troops
• Appearances on C-SPAN
  • Booknotes interview with Hackworth on About Face, May 7, 1989.
• Review of 'About Face' in US Army War College Parameters magazine, December, 1989
• Slate article, Newsweek's Major Embarrassment: He's called Col. Hackworth, November, 1996
• Inspector General Military Assistance Command Vietnam - Report of Investigation of Colonel David Hackworth, 16 January 1971