Daniele Ganser

Daniele Ganser (born 29 August 1972) is a Swiss historian. His book NATO's Secret Armies (2004) addresses secret armies run by NATO, especially Operation Gladio. In 2006, he wrote a chapter in 9/11 & American Empire (ed. David Ray Griffin) scrutinizing the official story on 9/11 and analyzing 9/11 conspiracy theories.

Background

Ganser was born in Lugano, Switzerland and was Senior Researcher at the ETH Zurich, Center for Security Studies (CSS).^[1] He was president (2006–2012) of the Swiss branch of the "Association for the Study of Peak Oil and Gas" (ASPO),^[2] and teaches History and Future of Energy Systems at the University of St. Gallen.^[3][4]

NATO's Secret Armies

In 2004 Ganser published the book, NATO's Secret Armies: Ganser states that Gladio units were in close cooperation with NATO and the CIA and that Gladio in Italy was responsible for terrorist attacks against the Italian civilian population.^[5]

Peer Henrik Hansen, a scholar at Roskilde University, wrote two scathing criticisms of the book for the International Journal of Intelligence and Counterintelligence and the Journal of Intelligence History, describing Ganser's work as "a journalistic book with a big spoonful of conspiracy theories" that "fails to present proof of and an in-depth explanation of the claimed conspiracy between USA, CIA, NATO and the European countries." Hansen also criticized Ganser for basing his "claim of the big conspiracy" on the US Army Field Manual 30-31B, which members of the intelligence community claim is just a 'Cold War era hoax document.'^[6][7] Hayden Peake's book review Intelligence in Recent Public Literature describes: "Ganser fails to document his thesis that the CIA, MI6, and NATO and its friends turned GLADIO into a terrorist organization."^[8] Philip HJ Davies of the Brunel University Centre for Intelligence and Security Studies likewise concludes that the book is "marred by imagined conspiracies, exaggerated notions of the scale and impact of covert activities, misunderstandings of the management and coordination of operations within and between national governments, and... an almost complete failure to place the actions and decisions in question in the appropriate historical context." According to Davies, "The underlying problem is that Ganser has not really undertaken the most basic necessary research to be able to discuss covert action and special operations effectively."^[9] Olav Riste of the Norwegian Institute for Defence Studies, writing for the journal Intelligence and National Security, mentions several instances where his own research on the stay-behind network in Norway was twisted by Ganser and concludes that "A detailed refutation of the many unfounded allegations that Ganser accepts as historical findings would fill an entire book."^[10] In a later joint article with Leopoldo Nuti of the University of Rome, the two concluded that the book's "ambitious conclusions do not seem to be entirely corroborated by a sound evaluation of the sources available."^[11]

Lawrence Kaplan wrote a mixed review commending Ganser for making "heroic efforts to tease out the many strands that connect this interlocking right-wing conspiracy", but also arguing that "Connecting the dots between terrorist organizations in NATO countries and a master plan centred in NATO's military headquarters requires a stretch of facts that Ganser cannot manage." Kaplan believes that some of Ganser's conspiracy theories "may be correct", but that "they do damage to the book's credibility."^[12] In a mostly positive review for the journal Cold War History, Beatrice Heuser praises Ganser's "fascinating study" while also noting that "It would definitely have improved the work if Ganser had used a less polemical tone, and had occasionally conceded that the Soviet Empire was by no means nicer."^[13] Security analyst John Prados writes "Ganser, the principal analyst of Gladio, presents evidence across many nations that Gladio networks amounted to anti-democratic elements in their own societies."^[14]

The U.S. State Department stated in 2006 that Ganser had been taken in by long-discredited Cold-War era disinformation and "fooled by the forgery". In an article about the Gladio/stay-behind networks and US Army Field Manual 30-31B they stated, "Ganser treats the forgery as if it was a genuine document in his 2005 book on “stay behind” networks, Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe and includes it as a key document on his Web site on the book.^[15]

9/11 opinion

Ganser wrote a chapter in David Ray Griffin's book 9/11 & American Empire. Ganser argues that all three versions – the "surprise" theory that is the official version, as well as the versions that the administration let the attack go ahead or even planned it – are all actually conspiracy theories. The U.S. Embassy has protested Ganser's views.^[16] Ganser is known for relating the events of 9/11 to his research on Operation Gladio.^[17] In the same way that the strategy of tension, which Ganser links to Operation Gladio, sought to pin right-wing terrorist attacks on the political left in order to inspire fear among the citizenry, Ganser likewise contends that "it has been said that Saddam Hussein had biological weapons, that there was a link between Iraq and the attacks of September 11, or that there was a link between Iraq and the terrorists of Al Qaeda. But all this was not true. By these lies, we wanted to make the world believe that the muslims wanted to spread terrorism around, that this war was necessary to fight terror. However, the real reason for the war is the control of energy resources."^[18]

Ganser also calls into question the conclusions of the 9/11 Commission.^[19][20] He believes that "the official story about September 11th, the conclusions of the commission, are not credible." and "The information that we have is not very precise. Which raises the question in this report of 600 pages is that the third tower that collapsed that day is not even mentioned."^[18] Ganser says we would only know because of blurred video images, something flew into the Pentagon, an open, objective and scientific debate on all outstanding issues of 9/11 would be important and calls for a new investigation.^[21]

Works

• Reckless Gamble—The Sabotage of the United Nations in the Cuban Conflict and the Missile Crisis of 1962. University Press of the South, New Orleans, December 2000, ISBN 1-88943-172-9
• Der Alleingang—Die Schweiz 10 Jahre nach dem EWR-Nein. (Uwe Wagschal, Daniele Ganser, Hans Rentsch) Orell Füssli, December 2002, ISBN 3-280-05041-3
• NATO's Secret Armies: Operation Gladio and Terrorism in Western Europe. Cass, London 2004.
• Peak Oil: Erdöl im Spannungsfeld von Krieg und Frieden. In: Phillip Rudolf von Rohr, Peter Walde, Bertram Battlog (Hrsg.): Energie. vdf Hochschulverlag an der ETH Zürich, Zürich 2009, ISBN 978-3-7281-3219-2^[22]
• “America is Addicted to Oil”: U.S.Secret Warfare and Dwindling Oil Reserves in the Context of Peak Oil and 9/11. In: Eric Wilson (Hrsg.): The Dual State: Parapolitics, Carl Schmitt and the National Security Complex.Ashgate, 2012, ISBN 978-1-4094-3107-7 (4. Kapitel)
• Europa im Erdölrausch: Die Folgen einer gefährlichen Abhängigkeit. Orell Füssli, Zürich 2012, ISBN 978-3-280-05474-1.

References

External links

• Publications by and about Daniele Ganser in the catalogue Helveticat of the Swiss National Library
• Website of Daniele Ganser
• SIPER Institute (founded by Ganser)
• Schattenkrieger der NATO (German) ZDF (Public Service Television) March 25, 2014 (Mediathek) featuring Ganser and others
• All of the theories about 9/11 are conspiracy theories comment by Kristin Aalen, aftenbladet.no April 21, 2008
• Diamonds (and Disinformation) Are Forever. John R. Schindler on Ganser's NATO’s Secret Armies